Hydrogeologic and water-quality characteristics of the Red River-Winnipeg aquifer northwestern Minnesota

Hydrogeology and groundwater geochemistry of till confining units and confined aquifers in glacial deposits near Litchfield, Cromwell, Akeley, and Olivia, Minnesota, 2014–18

“…Some aquifers contained in Cretaceous-age formations in southwestern and south-central Minnesota are known to have naturally high concentrations of chloride, as much as 1,500 mg/L (Kroening and Ferrey, 2013). Upward flux of groundwater from aquifers in older formations, such as the Red River-Winnipeg aquifer contained in the Ordovician-age Red River and Winnipeg Formations in northwestern Minnesota, has been known to increase salinity in groundwater in the overlying sediments (Ruhl and Adolphson, 1986), though this type of flow system is not represented at the piezometer nests of this study.…”

Hydrogeology and groundwater geochemistry of two glacigenic aquitard/aquifer systems in north-central and south-central Minnesota

“…Northwestern Minnesota, near Traverse County and northward to the Canadian border, shows Cl concentrations of up to 2,000 mg/L in sand and gravel and sedimentary bedrock aquifers. This is the result of upward transport from the deeper Red River-Winnipeg aquifer, an aquifer known for its high salinity groundwater (Ruhl and Adolphson 1986). Cretaceous aquifers in southwestern and south-central Minnesota may also have high Cl concentrations, some up to 1,500 mg/L (Kroening and Ferrey 2013).…”