Hydrogeochemical evaluation and statistical analysis of groundwater of Sylhet, north-eastern Bangladesh

Exploring COVID-19 stress and its factors in Bangladesh: A perception-based study

“…Multivariate statistical tools i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA) were applied in this study to examine the interface between the respondent's perception and factors responsible for human stress. PCA was performed using Varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization, which used to maximize the sum of variance of the factor coefficients ( Ahmed et al., 2019 ; Bodrud-Doza et al., 2019 , 2020b ), which better explains the possible causes of human stress. However, the calculated factor loadings together with cumulative percentage and percentages of variance are depicted in Table 4 .…”

Hydro-geochemical evaluation of groundwater for irrigation in the Ganges river basin areas of Bangladesh

“…exchange of ions, percolation and in ltration of rainwater, evaporation, and sediment dissolution (Saha et al 2008;Mostafa et al 2011). However, these EC ranges were much below corresponding to the waters in the coastal areas of Bangladesh (Mirza et al 2012;Miah et al 2015;Sukhen et al 2017 Concentrations of Na + , K + , and Clin groundwater of the study areas are very low corresponding to southern and other parts of the country (Bhuiyan et al 2010;Islam et al 2016Islam et al , 2017aRahman et al 2017;Ahmed et al 2018;Serder et al 2020). But the load of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and HCO 3 are signi cantly high, which accounted for more than 95% of total ions in groundwater during both seasons and these are the dominating ions of the collected samples indicating the water quality was very hard (Table 3 & Fig.…”

“…Different geochemical facies also foremost the chemical features of groundwater and well recognized by many researchers i.e., Park et al (2005); Naik et al (2009); Rajendiran et al (2012); Xiao et al (2012); Sivasubramanian et al (2013); Kumar et al (2014); Bhuiyan et al (2016); and Islam et al (2017cIslam et al ( , 2018. Some studies in Bangladesh (e.g., Bhuiyan et al 2010;Mirza et al 2012;Islam et al 2016Islam et al , 2017aAhmed et al 2018) have been carried out, exclusively in the coastal zone where salinity is a big problem. But in the upper Ganges river ood plain, where water hardness and heavy iron-loading are the main quality issues, there is no enough information on which to base geochemical investigations have been conducted.…”

“…In this oodplain area, groundwater degradation usually occurs due to frequent hydro-geochemical variation, excess water mining, arsenic contamination, interaction of the groundwater with saltwater, and agrochemicals deposited on the topsoil (Sanford et al 2007;Mondal et al 2008). Groundwater interaction with aquifer rocks signi cantly affects the groundwater chemistry, and this mechanism varies with season and place (Kumar et al 2014;Ahmed et al 2018). Different geochemical facies also foremost the chemical features of groundwater and well recognized by many researchers i.e., Park et al (2005); Naik et al (2009); Rajendiran et al (2012); Xiao et al (2012); Sivasubramanian et al (2013); Kumar et al (2014); Bhuiyan et al (2016); and Islam et al (2017cIslam et al ( , 2018.…”

“…After then, combined with GIS, Bozdag (2015) has used an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to measure the irrigation water suitability in central Anatolia, Turkey. Recently, many studies (Bhuiyan et al 2015;Shammi et al 2016;Howladar et al 2017;Islam et al 2017a,b,c,d;Rahman et al 2017;Ahmed et al 2018) were carried out in different parts of Bangladesh to judge the suitability of irrigation groundwater. A few inclusive assessments were found in that literature that combined key parameters indices including, salinity hazard, permeability hazard, speci c ion toxicity, trace metal hazard, and mixed-effect to delicate crops.…”