Hydrogeochemical characterization of leaking, carbon dioxide-charged fault zones in east-central Utah, with implications for geologic carbon storage

Heath, Jason E.; Lachmar, Thomas E.; Evans, James P.; Kolesar, Peter T.; Williams, Anthony P.

doi:10.1029/2006gm000407

Cited by 42 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Unlike Crystal geyser, Tenmile geyser has received little attention due to its infrequent eruptions and difficult accessibility (Doelling, 1994;Ross, 1997). Water sampling of Tenmile geyser by Heath et al (2009) andKampman et al (2009) revealed similarities to the water of Crystal geyser and surrounding Green River springs.…”

Section: Previous Research Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The sedimentary basins of Green River, Utah and Chimayó, New Mexico have become prominent field laboratories for CO 2 sequestration analogue studies due to the naturally leaking CO 2 through faults, springs and wellbores (Han et al, 2013;Heath et al, 2009;Kampman et al, 2009Kampman et al, , 2014Keating et al, 2010;Shipton et al, 2005). Both Crystal and Tenmile geysers lie in the northern extent of the Paradox Basin near Green River, Utah (Fig.…”

Section: Field Sites Of Co 2 -Driven Cold-water Geysersmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Brine and CO 2 migrate upward along the fault systems to enter the shallow groundwater systems. The emitted gas exceeds 95% CO 2 for all Green River springs and geysers with the remaining percentage composed of atmospheric gases N 2 , O 2 and Ar (Heath et al, 2009). The isotopic δ 13 C values of CO 2(g) range from −6.61 to −7.55 per mil for the springs and geysers in the Green River region inferring a shared origin (Heath et al, 2009;Kampman et al, 2009).…”

Section: Field Sites Of Co 2 -Driven Cold-water Geysersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eruption dynamics of CO2-driven cold-water geysers: Crystal, Tenmile geysers in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico

Watson

Han

Keating

et al. 2014

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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Available online xxxx Editor: P. Shearer Keywords: geyser CO 2 -driven eruptions faults carbon sequestration wellbore leakageThe CO 2 bubble volume fraction, eruption velocity, flash depth and mass emission of CO 2 were determined from multiple wellbore CO 2 -driven cold-water geysers (Crystal and Tenmile geysers, in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico). At shallow depths the bubble volume fraction ranges from 0 to 0.8, eruption velocities range from 2 to 20 m/s and flash depths are predominately shallow ranging from 5 to 40 m below the surface. Annual emission of CO 2 is estimated to be (4.77 ± 1.92) × 10 3 , (6.17 ± 1.73) × 10 1 , (6.54 ± 0.57) × 10 1 t/yr for Crystal, Tenmile and Chimayó geysers, respectively.These estimates are coherent with Burnside et al. (2013) showing that the rate of CO 2 leakage from wellbores is greater than fault-parallel or diffuse CO 2 leakage. The geyser plumbing geometry consists of a vertical wellbore which allows for the upward migration of CO 2 -rich fluids due to artesian conditions. The positive feedback system of a CO 2 -driven eruption occurs within the well. Active inflow of CO 2 into the regional aquifers through faulted bedrock allows geysering to persist for decades. Crystal geyser erupts for over 24 h at a time, highlighting the potential for a wellbore in a natural environment to reach relatively steady-state high velocity discharge. Mitigating high velocity CO 2 -driven discharge from wellbores will, however, be easier than mitigating diffuse leakage from faults or into groundwater systems.

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Section: Previous Research Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Field Sites Of Co 2 -Driven Cold-water Geysersmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Field Sites Of Co 2 -Driven Cold-water Geysersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eruption dynamics of CO2-driven cold-water geysers: Crystal, Tenmile geysers in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico

Watson

Han

Keating

et al. 2014

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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“…As such, it is possible that CG-1 constitutes a greater proportion of the subsurface microbial community than is represented by the sample taken from the well. The source of water coming from Crystal Geyser is a combination of deeply sourced saline water as well as recharge from the nearby San Rafael swell (Baer and Rigby, 1978;Heath et al, 2009;McPherson and Heath, 2009;Burnside et al, 2013). Because recharge to Crystal Geyser may be seasonal, the microbial community of the site is likely dynamic and this could explain why CG-1 was not detected by Emerson et al (2015).…”

Section: Isolate Growth and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One such example is Crystal Geyser (CG), Utah (Figure 1), an open well bore that periodically erupts CO 2 charged water, likely sourced from carbonate-clay diagenesis at depth (Wilkinson et al, 2009). It originated as an unsuccessful exploratory oil well 800 m deep and spudded in 1935 (Baer and Rigby, 1978;Heath et al, 2009;McPherson and Heath, 2009;Burnside et al, 2013). Previous work by Emerson et al (2015) have correlated the geochemistry of this field site to both the microbial community and the metagenomics profile from the sampled spring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and characterization of a CO2-tolerant Lactobacillus strain from Crystal Geyser, Utah, U.S.A.

et al. 2015

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When CO 2 is sequestered into the deep subsurface, changes to the subsurface microbial community will occur. Capnophiles, microorganisms that grow in CO 2 -rich environments, are some organisms that may be selected for under the new environmental conditions. To determine whether capnophiles comprise an important part of CO 2 -rich environments, an isolate from Crystal Geyser, Utah, U.S.A., a CO 2 -rich spring considered a carbon sequestration analog, was characterized. The isolate was cultured under varying CO 2 , pH, salinity, and temperature, as well as different carbon substrates and terminal electron acceptors (TEAs) to elucidate growth conditions and metabolic activity. Designated CG-1, the isolate is related (99%) to Lactobacillus casei in 16S rRNA gene identity, growing at PCO 2 between 0 and 1.0 MPa. Growth is inhibited at 2.5 MPa, but stationary phase cultures exposed to this pressure survive beyond 5 days. At 5.0 MPa, survival is at least 24 h. CG-1 grows in neutral pH, 0.25 M NaCl, and between 25 • and 45 • C and consumes glucose, lactose, sucrose, or crude oil, likely performing lactic acid fermentation. Fatty acid profiles between 0.1 and 1.0 MPa suggests decreases in cell size and increases in membrane rigidity. Transmission electron microscopy reveals rod shaped bacteria at 0.1 MPa. At 1.0 MPa, cells are smaller, amorphous, and produce abundant capsular material. Its ability to grow in environments regardless of the presence of CO 2 suggests we have isolated an organism that is more capnotolerant than capnophilic. Results also show that microorganisms are capable of surviving the stressful conditions created by the introduction of CO 2 for sequestration. Furthermore, our ability to culture an environmental isolate indicates that organisms found in CO 2 environments from previous genomic and metagenomics studies are viable, metabolizing, and potentially affecting the surrounding environment.

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Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO₂ and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

Jung

Han

et al. 2015

JGR Solid Earth

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Regional-scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive transport dynamics of CO 2 and brine within a natural analogue in the northern Paradox Basin, Utah, were explored by integrating numerical simulations with soil CO 2 flux measurements. Deeply sourced CO 2 migrates through steeply dipping fault zones to the shallow aquifers predominantly as an aqueous phase. Dense CO 2 -rich brine mixes with regional groundwater, enhancing CO 2 dissolution. Linear stability analysis reveals that CO 2 could be dissolved completely within only~500 years. Assigning lower permeability to the fault zones induces fault-parallel movement, feeds up-gradient aquifers with more CO 2 , and impedes down-gradient fluid flow, developing anticlinal CO 2 traps at shallow depths (<300 m). The regional fault permeability that best reproduces field spatial CO 2 flux variation is estimated 1 × 10 À17 ≤ k h < 1 × 10 À16 m 2 and 5 × 10 À16 ≤ k v < 1 × 10 À15 m 2 . The anticlinal trap serves as an essential fluid source for eruption at Crystal Geyser. Geyser-like discharge sensitively responds to varying well permeability, radius, and CO 2 recharge rate. The cyclic behavior of wellbore CO 2 leakage decreases with time.

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Hydrogeochemical characterization of leaking, carbon dioxide-charged fault zones in east-central Utah, with implications for geologic carbon storage

Cited by 42 publications

References 17 publications

Eruption dynamics of CO2-driven cold-water geysers: Crystal, Tenmile geysers in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico

Eruption dynamics of CO2-driven cold-water geysers: Crystal, Tenmile geysers in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico

Isolation and characterization of a CO2-tolerant Lactobacillus strain from Crystal Geyser, Utah, U.S.A.

Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO₂ and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

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Hydrogeochemical characterization of leaking, carbon dioxide-charged fault zones in east-central Utah, with implications for geologic carbon storage

Cited by 42 publications

References 17 publications

Eruption dynamics of CO2-driven cold-water geysers: Crystal, Tenmile geysers in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico

Eruption dynamics of CO2-driven cold-water geysers: Crystal, Tenmile geysers in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico

Isolation and characterization of a CO2-tolerant Lactobacillus strain from Crystal Geyser, Utah, U.S.A.

Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO2 and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

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Product

Resources

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Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO₂ and brine leakage through faults and wellbores