Hydrogenation of Lignite with Synthesis Gas

Reactions in High-Temperature Aqueous Media

“…It is generally hypothesized that CO reacts with alkali in the presence of water to generate formate intermediates which are the active hydride transfer reducing agents (eq 1). 4,5 The mechanism of the reaction of the formate intermediate with, e.g., coal was the subject of further speculation (eqs 2 and 3). [6][7][8] Using NMR to investigate reacting systems under high pressures, Horvath 9 presented evidence for the formation of formate ions during the reactions of lowrank coals with carbon monoxide and water via cation exchange of metal carboxylates in the coals with formic acid formed by reaction of carbon monoxide with water.…”

“…Finally, as indicated in the first article in this pair of papers,1a because water/CO chemistry has been widely applied to the conversion of resources ranging from leaves to coals 3 into liquids, we have included the use of aqueous formic acid and sodium formate in our studies. It is generally hypothesized that CO reacts with alkali in the presence of water to generate formate intermediates which are the active hydride transfer reducing agents (eq 1). , The mechanism of the reaction of the formate intermediate with, e.g., coal was the subject of further speculation (eqs 2 and 3). − …”

Hydrogenolysis of organic substances by carbon monoxide-water mixture. Examination of the hydrogenolysis of diphenylmethane on various catalysts

“…= mole fractions of ith cation and of ;th anion, respectively Xw = mole fraction of water x+, x = mole fractions of cation and of anion, respectively z = variable defined by eq 11 Greek Letters , ß, = components of free energy of activation of diffusing solute due to cation, to anion and to water, respectively, J mol"1 AG*, AGw* = free energies of activation of diffusing solute in electrolyte solution and in water, respectively, J mol"1 = concentration dependence parameter for diffusivity defined by Introduction Considerable attention has been paid recently to hydrogenolysis of organic substances by carbon monoxidewater mixtures. Appell et al (1968 and1977), Fu and filing (1976), and Appell and Pantages (1976) applied this process to lignite, bituminous coal, and carbohydrates, respectively. Appell et al (1969) reported that sodium carbonate, iron sulfide, and mineral matter contained in lignite were effective as catalysts for the liquefaction of lignite.…”