Hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone over anatase-supported Ru catalysts: Effect of catalyst synthesis protocols on activity

Phase‐Dependent Stability and Substrate‐Induced Deactivation by Strong Metal‐Support Interaction of Ru/TiO2 Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid

“…Preparation of 1 wt.% Ru/Anatase . The catalyst was prepared following the work of Piskun et al . In a typical experiment, 1 g anatase support was first dried at 120 °C for 4 h to remove humidity.…”

“…To investigate the effect of TiO 2 phase composition on catalyst stability in liquid phase LA hydrogenation, three different types of TiO 2 (P25, anatase and rutile) were selected. 1 wt.% Ru/P25 and Ru/Rutile were prepared by wet impregnation with RuNO (NO 3 ) 3 followed by calcination and high temperature (450°C) reduction according to the method reported by Ftouni et al [24] The Ru/Anatase catalyst was instead prepared following the report of Piskun et al, [47] in which RuCl 3 ·xH 2 O is used as precursor followed by direct H 2 reduction. These methods were selected in order to obtain similar mean Ru particle sizes, of around 2.0-2.5 nm (see below), allowing any particle size effects on performance and deactivation to be discarded.…”

“…Preparation of 1 wt.% Ru/Anatase. The catalyst was prepared following the work of Piskun et al [47] In a typical experiment, 1 g anatase support was first dried at 120°C for 4 h to remove humidity. The metal precursor (RuCl 3 · xH 2 O) was dissolved in 25 mL water and stirred for 30 min at 30°C, followed by a gradually addition of support to the precursor solution under stirring.…”

Al2O3‐TiO2 Modified Sulfonated Carbon with Hierarchically Ordered Pores for Glucose Conversion to 5‐HMF

“…2,5‐dimethylfuran, a gasoline additive, can be derived from hydrogenation of 5‐HMF . 5‐HMF can also be transformed to levulinic acid, which is an important raw material for synthesis of acrylate polymers, fuel additives, etc …”

Synthesis of a highly active amino‐functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2/APTS/Ru magnetic nanocomposite catalyst for hydrogenation reactions

“…Amino‐functionalized Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 shows excellent catalytic activity in the selective oxidation of alcohols and the Suzuki reaction . Ruthenium‐based catalysts have attracted much attention owing to their versatile roles in many catalytic reactions, including the hydrogenation of levulinic acid, CO 2 hydrogenation to formic acid, oxidation of methanol and CO 2 methanation …”