Hydrogenated C₆₀ as High-Capacity Stable Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Abstract

There is a need to develop high-capacity, stable anode materials for the next generation of lithium ion batteries that will power consumer electronics and automobiles of the future. This report describes a systematic experimental and theoretical evaluation of a series of hydrogenated fullerenes (C60H x ) for use as high-capacity anodes in lithium ion batteries. It was discovered that there is an optimal degree of hydrogenation for C60 to achieve reversible lithiation. Under the optimized conditions, C60H x was found to have a stable capacity of 588 mAh/g for over 600 cycles at a current density of 0.05 A/g. Extended cycling studies at higher current densities demonstrated that this material is stable for 2000 cycles. Theoretical modeling of this system determined that electronic structure changes due to hydrogenation is responsible for the favorable interaction of Li+ with C60H x . This study represents a unique methodology for increasing anode capacity and optimization of an anode’s electrochemical properties by controlling the hydrogen content of the active material.

Direct Pre-lithiation of Electropolymerized Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Cycling Performance of Flexible Li-Ion Micro-Batteries

“…Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been successfully employed in a wide range of applications, such as electric vehicles, microelectronic devices, etc., due to their remarkable properties such as high energy density, lack of memory effect, long cycle life, low self-discharge and high thermal resistance [1][2][3]. A large variety of carbon-based materials for LIBs have been widely investigated, such as graphene, fullerene and carbon nanotubes (CNT) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. For instance, a high capacity of a sandwich-like and porous NiCo 2 O 4 @reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite serving as anode material was reported by Huang's group [11].…”

Fullerene C76: An Unexplored Superior Electrode Material with Wide Operating Potential Window for High‐Performance Supercapacitors

“…Consequently, fullerenes have been used to enhance the performance of Li‐ion batteries and supercapacitor devices. Specifically, C 60 was incorporated in Li‐ion batteries to enhance their performance and stability . The addition of C 60 to graphene sheets provided extra acceptor states that enhanced the charge transfer in the electrodes .…”

Fullerene‐Based Conducting Polymers:n‐Dopable Materials for Charge Storage Application

“…[148] Compared to alternative functionalization strategies, the Diels-Alder ligation reaction offers the advantages of being able to be conducted under ambient conditions without the need for any pretreatment or catalyst. Pristine fullerene C 60 and fullerene derivatives applied in hybrid solar cells, such as PCBM and 1′,1′′,4′,4′′-tetrahydro-di [1,4] A novel poly(isothianaphthene) with the covalent attachment of the C 60 polymer was synthesized using a Friedel-Crafts arylation reaction with anhydrous FeCl 3 as the Lewis acid catalyst. [149] The proposed mechanism for creating poly(isothianaphthene)-C 60 (poly-18) is presented in Scheme 9, where the first step was the coordination of C 60 with FeCl 3 , followed by the electrophilic addition of poly(isothianaphthene) to the 6,6 bond in C 60 .…”

“…Hydrogenation of fullerene cage is another way of enhancement of fullerene material capacity because of the higher number of lithium ions can be incorporated into the fullerene-based anodic material. [1,243] It has been shown that deposition of fullerene thin films on silicon, [244][245][246] sulfur, [4] and lithiated transition metal oxides, such as LiCoO 2 [247] results in enhancement of alkali-metal ion batteries performance due to the effective hindering of side reaction of anodic electroactive material and increase of alkali-metal ion diffusion coefficient within the electroactive material. Similar effect was observed for batteries in which lithium anode was covered with fullerene C 60 .…”

“…Hollow spherical fullerenes represent a molecular form of pure carbon that show promise in future applications in batteries, [1][2][3][4][5] capacitors, [6][7][8] transistors, [9][10][11] solar cells, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and sensors, [19][20][21][22][23] among others. The main advantage of fullerenes over other carbon nanomaterials is their well-defined molecular polymeric chains is limited to six.…”