Hydrogen Technologies for Mobility and Stationary Applications: Hydrogen Production, Storage and Infrastructure Development

Abstract

The present chapter focuses on hydrogen technologies for both stationary and mobility/transportation applications. Hydrogen production from sustainable resources for the generation of pure and low cost hydrogen is described in the chapter. Several potential hydrogen production techniques are introduced and analyzed. The challenges and the advantages of each production method will be discussed. Furthermore, the chapter will introduce hydrogen infrastructure development for mobility applications and will discuss hydrogen storage challenges. Hydrogen production for fuel cell technologies requires an improvement regarding sustainability of the hydrogen supply and an improvement regarding decentralized hydrogen production. Moreover, hydrogen economy as far requires a large scale and long term storage solution to meet the increasing demand.

Waste Aluminum Application as Energy Valorization for Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Mobile Low Power Machines Applications

“…Rc depends on the molarity of the solution and the reaction temperature. For each molarity, its value can be determined as a function of temperature by using the Arrhenius equation, Equation (9), where A is the frequency coefficient (mL cm −2 min −1 ), Ea is the activation energy (kJ mol −1 ), R is the ideal gas constant (kJ•K −1 •mol −1 ) and T is the temperature (K). ( 9) The active surface of the sheet as a function of the initial aluminum mass W Al,0 , purity η and density ρ is described by Equation (4).…”

“…In the first test, the hydrogen generation from aluminum foil was analyzed, while in this second experiment 104 chips of the same initial active surface as the foil were analyzed, at 7.5 M, with alcohol and at 25 • C. The result is shown in Figure 4, in addition to the theoretical values obtained according to Equation (9).…”

“…The hydrogen storage necessary for low-power machines’ fuel cells is usually carried out with metal hydride tanks or with small metal pressurized hydrogen tanks [ 2 ], and the generation of hydrogen is by electrolysis, in an external device from electricity from the electrical network [ 3 ], from biological production [ 4 ], by fossil fuel reforming [ 5 , 6 ] or pyrolysis from gas natural, heavy oils, naphtha or coal, and the hydrogen is distributed commercially from pressure cylinders [ 7 , 8 ]. Researchers have proposed other methods to obtain hydrogen by hydrolysis of metal (aluminum or magnesium) or metal hydride [ 9 ]. There are currently a lot of studies in chemical hydrides, including ammonia [ 10 ], ammonia borane, metal boron hydride, formic acid, hydrazine hydrate, aromatic compounds, or sodium borohydride [ 11 ] to obtain it in situ [ 12 ].…”

The Deltah Lab, a New Multidisciplinary European Facility to Support the H2 Distribution & Storage Economy

“…H 2 can be directly used as a fuel in the stationary sector to provide power and in the mobile sector, using fuel cells [8]. In the mobile sector, H 2 can improve energy efficiency in transport and participates in climate change mitigation [9,10]. To date, increasingly efficient means of H 2 transport have been developed, in particular, there are now cars with autonomy ranging from 1 kg/100 km (Hyundai ix35) to 0.76 kg/100 km (Toyota Mirai) with 0 kg/km CO 2 emissions [11].…”

Application of graphene inlow‐temperaturefuel cell technology: An overview

“…This review will be focusing on low‐temperature fuel cells as described in Figure 1. In low‐temperature fuel cells, hydrogen is used as the main fuel 2 . Even though hydrogen is not a primary energy source, but it is known as an energy carrier, which in the long‐term renewable energy sources important sources for the production of hydrogen 3 …”