Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) releasing agents: chemistry and biological applications

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a newly recognized signaling molecule with very potent cytoprotective actions. The fields of H2S physiology and pharmacology have been rapidly growing in recent years, but a number of fundamental issues must be addressed to advance our understanding of the biology and clinical potential of H2S in the future. Hydrogen sulfide releasing agents (also known as H2S donors) have been widely used in the field. These compounds are not only useful research tools, but also potential therapeutic agents. It is therefore important to study the chemistry and pharmacology of exogenous H2S and to be aware of the limitations associated with the choice of donors used to generate H2S in vitro and in vivo. In this review we summarized the developments and limitations of current available donors including H2S gas, sulfide salts, garlic-derived sulfur compounds, Lawesson’s reagent/analogs, 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones, thiol-activated donors, photo-caged donors, and thioamino acids. Some biological applications of these donors were also discussed.

Effects of natural and synthetic isothiocyanate-based H 2 S-releasers against chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain: Role of Kv7 potassium channels

“…Concerning the latter compounds, excluding gaseous H 2 S for its poor safety, H 2 S equivalents or releasing agents (i.e. donors) are becoming important research tools (Zhao et al, 2014). In the past, some series of different H 2 S pro-drugs were developed (Zheng et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2014) often obtaining a limited control of gas release.…”

“…donors) are becoming important research tools (Zhao et al, 2014). In the past, some series of different H 2 S pro-drugs were developed (Zheng et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2014) often obtaining a limited control of gas release. Presently, there is still scarce heterogeneity of H 2 S-releasing moieties endowed with satisfactory pharmacological and chemical (stability) features.…”

Hydrogen sulfide causes excision of a genomic island in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

“…Three separate donor molecules were used to supply H 2 S to Pph 1302A and the growth of the bacteria monitored for 8 h. One of the mostly commonly used donors for the supply for H 2 S is NaSH (Zhao et al 2014). The addition of NaSH to Pph 1302A had little effect on growth rate up to a concentration of 1 mM (Fig.…”

Controle químico das halitoses de origem bucal por meio de enxaguantes bucais: avaliação por meio de cromatografia gasosa

“…O sulfeto de hidrogênio (H 2 S) é um gás incolor, inflamável e solúvel em água caracterizado pelo odor de ovos podres. Há mais de 200 anos suas ações tóxicas e poluentes são conhecidas pela exposição de trabalhadores em ambientes com altos níveis de H 2 S (com concentrações máximas permitidas de 10ppm por 10 minutos e interdição acima de 50ppm) e está na mesma ordem de magnitude de toxicidade dos cianetos, podendo levar injúrias aos olhos, pulmões, paralisia, coma ou até morte em minutos (se acima de 1000ppm) (23)(24)(25)(26).…”

“…Essa dicotomia entre toxicidade e proteção depende das concentrações nos tecidos, no método de distribuição do gás e no sistema em particular (respiratório, renal, neural, por exemplo) ou no modelo de doença estudado (24,25,28,34 (35), enquanto concentrações entre 200 e 500µM tem evidenciado apoptose em células da musculatura lisa da aorta humana. Em geral é possível salientar a associação de concentrações de poucos micromolares com fator citoprotetor, enquanto maiores concentrações de exposição tendem a ser citotóxicas (28).…”