Hydrogen Sulfide as an Endogenous Modulator in Mitochondria and Mitochondria Dysfunction

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has historically been considered to be a toxic gas, an environmental and occupational hazard. However, with the discovery of its presence and enzymatic production through precursors of L-cysteine and homocysteine in mammalian tissues, H2S has recently received much interest as a physiological signaling molecule. H2S is a gaseous messenger molecule that has been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes in mammals, including vascular relaxation, angiogenesis, and the function of ion channels, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and heart injury. H2S is an endogenous neuromodulator and present studies show that physiological concentrations of H2S enhance NMDA receptor-mediated responses and aid in the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Moreover, in the field of neuronal protection, physiological concentrations of H2S in mitochondria have many favorable effects on cytoprotection.

From Nitric Oxide Toward S-Nitrosylation: Expanding Roles in Gametes and Embryos

“…Lee and collaborators [28] suggested that the apoptotic effects of NO excess on mice embryos could be related to S-nitrosylation, in exclusion to other any mechanisms. The latter effects were closely associated with lipid-rich organelles (mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum) [28,86]. On the other hand, trophoblasts might also be protected from apoptosis via S-nitrosylation of caspase 3 [87].…”

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“…Так, у мозку ссавців, зокрема в гіпокампі, мозочку та півкулях го-ловного мозку за продукцію H 2 S відповідає фермент цистатіонін-β-синтаза (CBS), тоді як в аорті, клубовій кишці, ворітній вені, печінці, нирках та матці його утворення від-бувається переважно цистатіонін-γ-ліазою (CSE) [1]. На мишах з нокаутованим геном ферменту CBS, було відкрито інший шлях синтезу газотрансмітера, а саме за допомо-гою 3-меркаптопіруватсульфуртрансферази (3-MST), яка працює в парі з цистеїнамі-нотрансферазою (CAT) і має цитоплазма-тичну та мітохондріальну локалізацію [1]. Ген ферменту 3-MST експресується також у клітинах ендотелію та гладеньких м'язів судин [2].…”

A review of polioencephalomalacia in ruminants: is the development of malacic lesions associated with excess sulfur intake independent of thiamine deficiency?

“…Hydrogen sulfide is endogenously produced by some enzymes in the mammalian tissues [51] and acts as neuromodulator/ transmitter, and neuro-protector in the brain [51][52][53][54]. It plays an important role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and reactive species, recovering glutathione levels, inhibiting intracellular Ca 2+ status [51,55].…”

“…It plays an important role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and reactive species, recovering glutathione levels, inhibiting intracellular Ca 2+ status [51,55]. Hydrogen sulfide is also reported to reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase and suppressing respiration [51]. Furthermore, H 2 S may protect neurons from cellular energy depletion during the stress conditions by serving as substrate to sustain ATP production [51,56].…”

“…Hydrogen sulfide is also reported to reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase and suppressing respiration [51]. Furthermore, H 2 S may protect neurons from cellular energy depletion during the stress conditions by serving as substrate to sustain ATP production [51,56]. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of many diseases including aging process and longevity [57], including the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) [58], Parkinson's disease (PD) [59] and other neurodegenerative diseases [60].…”