Hydrogen Storage in Geological Formations—The Potential of Salt Caverns

Abstract

Hydrogen-based technologies are among the most promising solutions to fulfill the zero-emission scenario and ensure the energy independence of many countries. Hydrogen is considered a green energy carrier, which can be utilized in the energy, transport, and chemical sectors. However, efficient and safe large-scale hydrogen storage is still challenging. The most frequently used hydrogen storage solutions in industry, i.e., compression and liquefaction, are highly energy-consuming. Underground hydrogen storage is considered the most economical and safe option for large-scale utilization at various time scales. Among underground geological formations, salt caverns are the most promising for hydrogen storage, due to their suitable physicochemical and mechanical properties that ensure safe and efficient storage even at high pressures. In this paper, recent advances in underground storage with a particular emphasis on salt cavern utilization in Europe are presented. The initial experience in hydrogen storage in underground reservoirs was discussed, and the potential for worldwide commercialization of this technology was analyzed. In Poland, salt deposits from the north-west and central regions (e.g., Rogóźno, Damasławek, Łeba) are considered possible formations for hydrogen storage. The Gubin area is also promising, where 25 salt caverns with a total capacity of 1600 million Nm3 can be constructed.

An Overview of the Arguments in Literature, For and Against the Use of Green Hydrogen for the Production of Direct Reduced Iron

“…Hydrogen leakage is a major concern as it can lead to safety hazards and potential environmental impacts. Addressing this issue requires the development of advanced leak detection and prevention technologies, as well as the implementation of stringent safety regulations and guidelines for handling and transporting hydrogen [59].…”

“…In this context, the development of a comprehensive hydrogen infrastructure for industrial applications demands collaborative efforts from governments, industry stakeholders, and research institutions. Policy support, financial incentives, and collaborative research and development initiatives are essential to overcome the technological and economic barriers associated with the establishment of a robust hydrogen infrastructure [59].…”

Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges

“…Salt caverns are used for hydrogen storage by dissolving natural salt formations like domes, using a mining process known as leaching. These formations are usually situated up to 2000 m below ground surface (bgs), as high temperatures and pressures above this level can cause salt deformation, leading to instability issues even for well-designed storage caverns [113].…”

Enhanced Hydrogen Generation from Magnesium–Aluminum Scrap Ball Milled with Low Melting Point Solder Alloy

“…In recent years, a good deal of various hydrogen storage techniques have been developing. They include the use of geological salt caverns [ 10 ], composite high-pressure cylinders [ 11 ], cryogenic tanks [ 12 ], carbon-based materials [ 13 ], metal hydrides [ 14 ], metal–organic frameworks [ 15 ], hydroreactive ammonia borane and metal–boron hydrides [ 16 ], and liquid organic carriers [ 17 ]. However, each of the listed methods has a downside.…”