Hydrogen storage capacity of salt caverns and deep aquifers versus demand for hydrogen storage: A case study of Poland

Tarkowski, Radosław; Lankof, Leszek; Luboń, Katarzyna; Michalski, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122268

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Large-scale hydrogen storage requires a very high capacity due to its low volumetric energy density. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in suitable geological structures, such as deep aquifers, depleted hydrocarbon deposits, and salt caverns, can fulfill these requirements [19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Depth on Underground Hydrogen Storage Operations in Deep Aquifers

Luboń,

Tarkowski,

Uliasz-Misiak

2024

Energies

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Underground hydrogen storage in geological structures is considered appropriate for storing large amounts of hydrogen. Using the geological Konary structure in the deep saline aquifers, an analysis of the influence of depth on hydrogen storage was carried out. Hydrogen injection and withdrawal modeling was performed using TOUGH2 software, assuming different structure depths. Changes in the relevant parameters for the operation of an underground hydrogen storage facility, including the amount of H2 injected in the initial filling period, cushion gas, working gas, and average amount of extracted water, are presented. The results showed that increasing the depth to approximately 1500 m positively affects hydrogen storage (flow rate of injected hydrogen, total capacity, and working gas). Below this depth, the trend was reversed. The cushion gas-to-working gas ratio did not significantly change with increasing depth. Its magnitude depends on the length of the initial hydrogen filling period. An increase in the depth of hydrogen storage is associated with a greater amount of extracted water. Increasing the duration of the initial hydrogen filling period will reduce the water production but increase the cushion gas volume.

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Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Depth on Underground Hydrogen Storage Operations in Deep Aquifers

Luboń,

Tarkowski,

Uliasz-Misiak

2024

Energies

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“…Due to its large capacity demand, underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in porous structures (deep aquifers) and caverns leached in salt deposits [23,24,[28][29][30][31][32] is currently being considered. Several review articles have recently considered the issue of UHS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Non-Recoverable Cushion Gas after Storage

Luboń,

Tarkowski

2024

Energies

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Underground hydrogen storage facilities require cushion gas to operate, which is an expensive one-time investment. Only some of this gas is recoverable after the end of UHS operation. A significant percentage of the hydrogen will remain in underground storage as non-recoverable cushion gas. Efforts must be made to reduce it. This article presents the results of modeling the cushion gas withdrawal after the end of cyclical storage operation. It was found that the amount of non-recoverable cushion gas is fundamentally influenced by the duration of the initial hydrogen filling period, the hydrogen flow rate, and the timing of the upconing occurrence. Upconing is one of the main technical barriers to hydrogen storage in deep saline aquifers. The ratio of non-recoverable cushion gas to cushion gas (NRCG/CG) decreases with an increasing amount of cushion gas. The highest ratio, 0.63, was obtained in the shortest 2-year initial filling period. The lowest ratio, 0.35, was obtained when utilizing the longest initial filling period of 4 years and employing the largest amount of cushion gas. The presented cases of cushion gas recovery can help investors decide which storage option is the most advantageous based on the criteria that are important to them.

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“…1,2 Due to this, the rapidly developing hydrogen energy techniques including hydrogen generation, hydrogen reserve and hydrogen utilization can be considered as an ideal route to solve environmental pollution and energy shortage. 3–7 Hydrogen generation involves water–gas shift reaction, 8–11 methanol steam reforming, 12–16 biomass gasification, 17–20 photocatalytic water splitting 21–25 and electro-catalytic water splitting. 26–29 Among these techniques, electro-catalytic water splitting is widely viewed as an efficient and viable strategy for green hydrogen production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%