Hydrogen production in solid oxide electrolyzers coupled with nuclear reactors

Milewski, Jarosław; Kupecki, Jakub; Szczęśniak, Arkadiusz; Uzunow, N.

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.217

Cited by 52 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Modern techniques of designing novel structural materials intended for applications in various high-temperature structural components are currently being developed. These techniques include fine-grained microstructure formation due to the optimization of material manufacturing modes allowing materials to reach excellent high-temperature strength and crack growth resistance as well as thermal stability [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In particular, the superalloys used in state-of-the-art gas turbines operate close to their upper limits of temperature capability and thermal stability because of the demand for increasing gas turbine efficiency and higher firing temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Phase Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

et al. 2022

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It is known that the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) material has superior thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. This material is used for manufacturing products and components of air heaters, hydrogen reformers, cracking furnaces, fired heaters, etc. This work is aimed at searching for the optimal sintering mode of YSZ ceramics that provides a high crack growth resistance. Beam specimens of ZrO2 ceramics doped with 6, 7, and 8 mol% Y2O3 (hereinafter: 6YSZ, 7YSZ, and 8YSZ) were prepared using a conventional sintering technique. Four sintering temperatures (1450 °C, 1500 °C, 1550 °C, and 1600 °C) were used for the 6YSZ series and two sintering temperatures (1550 °C and 1600 °C) were used for the 7YSZ and 8YSZ series. The series of sintered specimens were ground and polished to reach a good surface quality. Several mechanical tests of the materials were performed, namely, the microhardness test, fracture toughness test by the indentation method, and single-edge notch beam (SENB) test under three-point bending. Based on XRD analysis, the phase balance (percentages of tetragonal, cubic, and monoclinic ZrO2 phases) of each composition was substantiated. The morphology of the fracture surfaces of specimens after both the fracture toughness tests was studied in relation to the mechanical behavior of the specimens and the microstructure of corresponding materials. SEM-EDX analysis was used for microstructural characterization. It was found that both the yttria percentage and sintering temperature affect the mechanical behavior of the ceramics. Optimal chemical composition and sintering temperature were determined for the studied series of ceramics. The maximum transformation toughening effect was revealed for ZrO2-6 mol% Y2O3 ceramics during indentation. However, in the case of a SENB test, the maximum transformation toughening effect in the crack tip vicinity was found in ZrO2-7 mol% Y2O3 ceramics. The conditions for obtaining YSZ ceramics with high fracture toughness are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Phase Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

et al. 2022

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“…Although the critical issues related to the stability of these cells have not yet been solved, it has been demonstrated that a plant in which the SOEC is integrated with a parabolic dish solar field, to provide both electricity and thermal energy, necessary for the electrolysis reaction to take place, a nominal solar-to-hydrogen efficiency above 30%, with a SOEC efficiency around 80%, can be reached [189]. In another study it has been calculated that is possible to produce hydrogen in electrolyzers integrated with nuclear plants with an energy cost of 38.83 and 37.55 kWh•kg H2 −1 for protonic and ionic solid oxide electrolyzers, respectively [190].…”

Section: Reamarks On Electrical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Main Hydrogen Production Processes: An Overview

et al. 2021

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Due to its characteristics, hydrogen is considered the energy carrier of the future. Its use as a fuel generates reduced pollution, as if burned it almost exclusively produces water vapor. Hydrogen can be produced from numerous sources, both of fossil and renewable origin, and with as many production processes, which can use renewable or non-renewable energy sources. To achieve carbon neutrality, the sources must necessarily be renewable, and the production processes themselves must use renewable energy sources. In this review article the main characteristics of the most used hydrogen production methods are summarized, mainly focusing on renewable feedstocks, furthermore a series of relevant articles published in the last year, are reviewed. The production methods are grouped according to the type of energy they use; and at the end of each section the strengths and limitations of the processes are highlighted. The conclusions compare the main characteristics of the production processes studied and contextualize their possible use.

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“…When PCECs are combined with nuclear energy and renewable resources, including solar and wind power, the production of green hydrogen without GHG emissions and pollution can be realized. By exploiting the extensive high temperature steam generated by a nuclear reactor, a coupled PCEC system achieved large-scale hydrogen production with a specific energy demand of 38.83 kWh·kg –1 (3.467 kWh·Nm –3 ) . A novel solar thermal power generation system consisting of a PCEC stack and hybrid photovoltaic thermal module was developed and possessed a theoretical hydrogen production rate of 1.12 kg·h –1 (12.544 N m 3 ·h –1 ), in which electricity and steam consumed by the PCEC stack were provided by the solar photovoltaic unit and solar parabolic trough collector, respectively.…”

Section: Protonic Ceramic Electrolysis Cells (Pcecs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Electrolysis toward Elevated Temperature: Advances, Challenges and Frontiers

et al. 2023

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Since severe global warming and related climate issues have been caused by the extensive utilization of fossil fuels, the vigorous development of renewable resources is needed, and transformation into stable chemical energy is required to overcome the detriment of their fluctuations as energy sources. As an environmentally friendly and efficient energy carrier, hydrogen can be employed in various industries and produced directly by renewable energy (called green hydrogen). Nevertheless, large-scale green hydrogen production by water electrolysis is prohibited by its uncompetitive cost caused by a high specific energy demand and electricity expenses, which can be overcome by enhancing the corresponding thermodynamics and kinetics at elevated working temperatures. In the present review, the effects of temperature variation are primarily introduced from the perspective of electrolysis cells. Following an increasing order of working temperature, multidimensional evaluations considering materials and structures, performance, degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies as well as electrolysis in stacks and systems are presented based on elevated temperature alkaline electrolysis cells and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (ET-AECs and ET-PEMECs), elevated temperature ionic conductors (ET-ICs), protonic ceramic electrolysis cells (PCECs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs).

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Hydrogen production in solid oxide electrolyzers coupled with nuclear reactors

Cited by 52 publications

References 66 publications

The Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Phase Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

The Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Phase Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

Main Hydrogen Production Processes: An Overview

Water Electrolysis toward Elevated Temperature: Advances, Challenges and Frontiers

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