Hydrogen production by photoreforming of biofuels using Au, Pd and Au–Pd/TiO2 photocatalysts

Bowker, Michael; Morton, Clare Ann; Kennedy, Julia; Bahruji, Hasliza; Greves, J.; Jones, Wilm; Davies, Philip R.; Brookes, Catherine; Wells, Peter P.; Dimitratos, Nikolaos

doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2013.04.005

Cited by 117 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It appears to be very robust, at least when used at ambient temperatures. Similarly Au based catalysts also show a maximum, but with lower peak rate which occurs at higher loadings [23,24].…”

Section: Reactivity Of Titania Under Anaerobic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The Photocatalytic Window: Photo-Reforming of Organics and Water Splitting for Sustainable Hydrogen Production

et al. 2014

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Precious metal-titania materials make good catalysts for hydrogen production from a variety of organic substrates using sunlight. These substrates essentially act as reductants for water, by intercepting electrophilic oxygen species generated by electron-hole excitation resulting from photon absorption in the titania support. As a result, the hydrogen produced comes partly from water splitting and partly from dehydrogenation of the organic substrate. Why only precious metals work for the reaction is discussed, together with the mechanism of these reactions. The oxygenate substrates are decarbonylated to produce adsorbed CO, which is removed in the presence of light by the electrophilic oxygen as CO 2 , but the level of CO 2 detected is strongly affected by the amount of liquid water present, due to absorption and reaction to form carbonic acid. The possibilities for application of this technology in the domestic environment, the 'Photocatalytic Window' is considered.Keywords Photo-catalysis Á Photo-reforming Á Water splitting Á Hydrogen production Á Methanol Setting the SceneThe human race is in a period of fast transition in all sorts of aspects of life. Perhaps the most important of these is the changing energy scene. Because of the increase in population and increased industrialisation the most convenient forms of useable energy that are available in large quantity, fossil fuels, have been utilized for energy supply. These are firstly coal, used originally for driving steam generation for the new steam engines invented and widely introduced for manufacturing and transport in England from the late 18th century. Following from this came the widespread use of crude oil for transport, in the form of refined petroleum spirit, and in more recent times increasing use of gas powered electrical power generation and domestic combustion. As a result there has been an increase of CO 2 in the atmosphere-increasing from the geologically steady value of about 280 ppm, now just breaking the 400 ppm level, a 42 % increase. The source of these increases can be traced back to the original industrialisation of the early-mid 18th century. Figure 1 illustrates this in terms of the CO 2 level in the atmosphere, combined with a derivative which traces the start of this increase to the period just after the development of more efficient forms of steam engines for mechanical power generation see Ref. [1].The consequences of this geologically fast increase in CO 2 levels can be debated, but what is absolutely certain is that, as sentient beings, humans should not be playing with dice by abnormal perturbance of natural equilibrium, over a geologically fast timescale. The results are not likely to be positive for the planet, except in the sense that it might help reduce the human population.Thus there is an urgent need to stop the CO 2 increase and to find new sustainable ways of fuelling our future. Of course we have a number of successful technologies in Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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Section: Reactivity Of Titania Under Anaerobic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…It is not only Pd and Pt that can do this-all noble metals can do it to different degrees [3,4,24]. The main requirement is that those metals that are active for the reaction are easily photoreduced by methanol at ambient conditions in an exothermic fashion, that is: Fig.…”

Section: Why Metal Is Important For Steady State Photocatalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Photocatalytic Window: Photo-Reforming of Organics and Water Splitting for Sustainable Hydrogen Production

et al. 2014

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“…The photochemical activity of titanate and titania is appreciably enhanced by Au and Rh nanoparticle deposition. As we already mentioned in the introduction, depositing metal onto the semiconductor surface can considerably suppress the rate of exciton recombination [24,57,60]. Dispersed Au and Rh crystallites serve as electron sinks in our case hence the increase in activity was expected.…”

Section: Presumed Photocatalytic Mechanism For Rh Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…The nature of the dopants, impurities or defects in the crystal structure can have strong positive or negative effect on the recombination rates [45]. Generally, depositing noble metals onto the semiconductor surface can appreciably suppress the rate of the exciton recombination as they serve as electron sinks [57][58][59][60][61]. The mechanism of the electron trapping in n-type semiconductors such as TiO 2 is explained by the Schottky barrier which prevents the backward movement of electrons from the metal to the semiconductor [62].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen evolution in the photocatalytic reaction between methane and water in the presence of CO2 on titanate and titania supported Rh and Au catalysts

et al. 2018

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The photocatalytic transformation of methane-water mixture over Rh and Au catalysts supported on protonated (H-form) titanate nanotube (TNT) was investigated. The role of the catalyst structure was analyzed using titania reference support. Furthermore the effect of carbon-dioxide addition was also investigated. The catalysts were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Photocatalytic tests were performed with a mercury-arc UV source illuminating a continuous flow quartz reactor which was attached to a mass spectrometer. The surface of the catalysts was analyzed by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy during the photoreactions. The changes of the catalysts due to photocatalytic usage were investigated by XPS and temperature programmed reduction methods as well. Most of the methane was generally transformed to hydrogen and ethane, and a small amount of methanol was also formed. The carbon dioxide addition enhanced the rate of the photocatalytic transformation of methane on Rh/TNT with increasing the lifetime of the electron-hole pairs. Bigger gold particles with mainly plasmonic character were more active in the reactions due to the photo induced activation of the adsorbed water. Surface carbon deposits were identified on the catalysts after the photoreactions. More oxidized carbon formed on the Au-containing catalysts than on the ones with Rh. Graphical AbstractKeywords Heterogeneous photocatalysis · Titanate nanotube · Gold nanoparticle · Molecular-like cluster · Surface plasmon resonance

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“…4. ábra A TiO2 felületére leválasztott nemesfémek töltéscsapdázó hatása A TiO2 fotokatalizátorok hidrogénfejlesztő képességének javítása érdekében leginkább arany [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], ezüst [32][33][34][35], platina [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], palládium [46][47][48][49][50], ródium [46], illetve ruténium [51][52][53] …”

Section: Fotokatalitikus H2 Fejlesztés Tio2 Alapú Fotokatalizátorokkalunclassified

Hidrogénfejlesztés nemesfémekkel módosított felületű TiO2 fotokatalizátorok alkalmazásával

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Hydrogen production by photoreforming of biofuels using Au, Pd and Au–Pd/TiO2 photocatalysts

Cited by 117 publications

References 38 publications

The Photocatalytic Window: Photo-Reforming of Organics and Water Splitting for Sustainable Hydrogen Production

The Photocatalytic Window: Photo-Reforming of Organics and Water Splitting for Sustainable Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen evolution in the photocatalytic reaction between methane and water in the presence of CO2 on titanate and titania supported Rh and Au catalysts

Hidrogénfejlesztés nemesfémekkel módosított felületű TiO2 fotokatalizátorok alkalmazásával

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