Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles; Current Status and Future Prospect

Manoharan, Yogesh; Hosseini, Seyed Ehsan; Butler, Brayden; Alzhahrani, Hisham; Senior, Bhi Thi Fou; Ashuri, Turaj; Krohn, John

doi:10.3390/app9112296

Cited by 446 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…A FC vehicle is reported to have a tank-to-wheel efficiency in the range from 31% to 36%, with water vapor being the only emission [22,23]. Toyota, Honda and Hyundai have already commercialized FC vehicles in selected markets, with more than 6500 units sold as of June 2018 [24]. A prototype FC truck with a range of 480 km was recently unveiled by Toyota and Kenworth [25], demonstrating the potential to replace the ICE technology in future heavy-duty applications.…”

Section: Recent Developments Of Hydrogen Applications In the Transpormentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

et al. 2019

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A paradigm shift towards the utilization of carbon-neutral and low emission fuels is necessary in the internal combustion engine industry to fulfil the carbon emission goals and future legislation requirements in many countries. Hydrogen as an energy carrier and main fuel is a promising option due to its carbon-free content, wide flammability limits and fast flame speeds. For spark-ignited internal combustion engines, utilizing hydrogen direct injection has been proven to achieve high engine power output and efficiency with low emissions. This review provides an overview of the current development and understanding of hydrogen use in internal combustion engines that are usually spark ignited, under various engine operation modes and strategies. This paper then proceeds to outline the gaps in current knowledge, along with better potential strategies and technologies that could be adopted for hydrogen direct injection in the context of compression-ignition engine applications—topics that have not yet been extensively explored to date with hydrogen but have shown advantages with compressed natural gas.

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Section: Recent Developments Of Hydrogen Applications In the Transpormentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

et al. 2019

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“…Nevertheless, the idea of using extra electricity generated by rooftop PV systems to crack water molecules to oxygen and hydrogen and use them later in a fuel cell is brilliant . Considering a closed‐loop system, water is produced by H 2 and O 2 reaction in fuel cell during electrical power generation, which can be captured and reused . Although, currently, the fossil fuel–based hydrogen and electrolysis hydrogen threshold costs are approximately $2.00 to $4.00 and $3.26 to $6.62 per gallon of gasoline equivalent, respectively, in near future, substitution of distributed electricity generation for the big centralized fossil fuel power plants and the national electric grids is unavoidable .…”

Section: Solar Hydrogen Energy Carriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen from solar energy, a clean energy carrier from a sustainable source of energy

2020

Self Cite

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Summary Solar energy is going to play a crucial role in the future energy scenario of the world that conducts interests to solar‐to‐hydrogen as a means of achieving a clean energy carrier. Hydrogen is a sustainable energy carrier, capable of substituting fossil fuels and decreasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emission to save the world from global warming. Hydrogen production from ubiquitous sustainable solar energy and an abundantly available water is an environmentally friendly solution for globally increasing energy demands and ensures long‐term energy security. Among various solar hydrogen production routes, this study concentrates on solar thermolysis, solar thermal hydrogen via electrolysis, thermochemical water splitting, fossil fuels decarbonization, and photovoltaic‐based hydrogen production with special focus on the concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) system. Energy management and thermodynamic analysis of CPV‐based hydrogen production as the near‐term sustainable option are developed. The capability of three electrolysis systems including alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis for coupling to solar systems for H2 production is discussed. Since the cost of solar hydrogen has a very large range because of the various employed technologies, the challenges, pros and cons of the different methods, and the commercialization processes are also noticed. Among three electrolysis technologies considered for postulated solar hydrogen economy, AWE is found the most mature to integrate with the CPV system. Although substantial progresses have been made in solar hydrogen production technologies, the review indicates that these systems require further maturation to emulate the produced grid‐based hydrogen.

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“…The whole process takes place in the presence of a metal catalyst. Reforming is usually done in the so-called reformers, or devices installed in front 2 . It has been proven that the efficiency of cell energy conversion is already falling at several ppm of carbon monoxide present in the cell.…”

Section: "Poisoning" Of the Catalyst On The Surface Of The Anodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher concentrations of these extremely active materials can be dangerous and can cause ecological problems and harm natural ecosystems.Problems occur during the storage of hydrogen, because, as a small-molecule gas, it diffuses easily through metals. The most efficient use of hydrogen is possible in fuel cells [1] [2]. In this type of generators, electricity is produced as a result of electrochemical, flameless hydrogen oxidation at the negative electrode and oxygen reduction at the positive electrode.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials in Low-Temperatures Fuel Cells—The Latest Reports

Włodarczyk¹

2019

MSA

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Nanotechnology is a field of research with objects up to 100 nm in size. Nanomaterials belong to a wide area in the field of material engineering. These include nanolayers, nanoslabs, nanopores, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanoparticles and quantum dots. Nanostructures are characterized by special properties due to their nanometric dimensions. The natural properties of nanostructures allow their wide application in various industries. The paper presents an overview of the application and significance of nanostructures in fuel cell technology, with particular emphasis on nanocatalysts. The article includes the classification of nanomaterials, new hybrid nanostructures, types of surface modification, division by area of application, with particular emphasis on nanomaterials in the advanced energy system. The design and operation of fuel cells and the role of nanoparticles have been described taking into account existing solutions to reduce generator costs. The high price of low temperature fuel cells depends on the number of nanoparticles used. The article describes the risk associated with using products at the nano scale. Higher concentrations of these extremely active materials can be dangerous and can cause ecological problems and harm natural ecosystems.Problems occur during the storage of hydrogen, because, as a small-molecule gas, it diffuses easily through metals. The most efficient use of hydrogen is possible in fuel cells [1] [2]. In this type of generators, electricity is produced as a result of electrochemical, flameless hydrogen oxidation at the negative electrode and oxygen reduction at the positive electrode. The huge interest in hydrogen fuel cell technology has led to the creation of various types of hydrogen cells taking into account the materials used for electrodes, the type of electrolyte and catalyst, power range, operating temperature, types of reactions occurring on the electrodes, the method of cell utilization.In low-temperature fuel cells, the speed of processes is supported by nanomaterials (platinum, ruthenium, silver and zirconium nanoparticles). Carbon nanomaterials are also used to build fuel cell components: carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes and others [3] [4]. In the first prototypes of low-temperature fuel cells, the amount of platinum used was about 28 mg•cm −2 . In the 1990s, the amount of catalyst in the electrode structures was reduced to 0.3 -0.4 mg•cm −2 .Currently, the fragmentation of the catalyst particles (4 nm and less) is deposited on the expanded surface of the carbon powder with a grain diameter of approx. 40 nm and a specific surface area > 75 m 2 •g −1 . This paper presents an overview of possibilities of using nanomaterials in technologies of hydrogen conversion to electric current and heat. The production of hydrogen on a large scale, where nanomaterials are also used as catalysts and energy carriers, is extremely important from the point of view of the distribution of fuel cells. Currently, also hydrogen storage materials are first of all nanomaterials with the ...

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles; Current Status and Future Prospect

Cited by 446 publications

References 75 publications

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

Hydrogen from solar energy, a clean energy carrier from a sustainable source of energy

Nanomaterials in Low-Temperatures Fuel Cells—The Latest Reports

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