Advanced Materials

2014

DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305958

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Hydrogen Detected by the Naked Eye: Optical Hydrogen Gas Sensors Based on Core/Shell Plasmonic Nanorod Metamaterials

Mazhar E. Nasir

¹

,

²

,

Gregory A. Wurtz

³

et al.

Abstract: Gold-core/palladium-shell metamaterials for hydrogen detection are presented. The more than 30% change in both the reflection and transmission from the metamaterial layer that is observed when the layer is exposed to 2% hydrogen mixture is clearly noticeable to the naked eye as a change in the brightness of light transmitted by the metamaterial. This sensor should make a contribution to the safety of processes involving hydrogen.

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Cited by 111 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…The motivation behind the absorbance-based sensors is to minimize the requirement for the bulky optical setups, expensive light sources, and spectrometers by only probing the scattered light intensity at perfect-absorption wavelength. Moreover, some of the recent studies report the visual detection of hydrogen by using thin film optical coatings to circumvent the problems of hydrogen sensors based on electrical readout [16,17]. Despite the demonstration of visual detection of H 2 , the thin film structure did not take full advantage of the lossy nature of Pd films.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfectly absorbing ultra thin interference coatings for hydrogen sensing

¹

,

²

,

³

et al. 2016

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Here we numerically demonstrate a straightforward method for optical detection of hydrogen gas by means of absorption reduction and colorimetric indication. A perfectly absorbing metal-insulator-metal (MIM) thin film interference structure is constructed using a silver metal back reflector, silicon dioxide insulator, and palladium as the upper metal layer and hydrogen catalyst. The thickness of silicon dioxide allows the maximizing of the electric field intensity at the Air∕SiO 2 interface at the quarter wavelengths and enabling perfect absorption with the help of highly absorptive palladium thin film ∼7 nm. While the exposure of the MIM structure to H 2 moderately increases reflection, the relative intensity contrast due to formation of metal hydride is extensive. By modifying the insulator film thickness and hence the spectral absorption, the color is tuned and eyevisible results are obtained. Hydrogen H 2 sensing requires development of highly sensitive, reliable, and short response-time sensors due to its use in critical applications such as fuel-cells, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum and chemical production. Palladium (Pd) can absorb H 2 upon exposure and transform into palladium hydride PdH x , and the optical and electrical properties of Pd metal are changed by such transformation [1]. Recent advancements in plasmonic research and nanofabrication techniques led the development of surface and localized surface plasmon-based (LSPR) hydrogen sensors using Pd [2][3][4]. Nanoparticle or LSPR sensors show good potential for faster response times [5,6]. However, the broad spectral response of LSPR-based hydrogen sensors arises as an issue, which, later on, led the researchers to reduce the linewidth with the help of a whispering gallery mode cavity [7], and to develop highly sensitive hybrid sensors such as using Pd with a good plasmonic metal [8,9]. For example, Alivisatos and co-workers have demonstrated highly sensitive hydrogen sensors by placing Pd nanoparticles close to the sharp corners of nanoantennas [10].Such sensing mechanisms are based on probing of the scattering properties of nanoantenna-Pd nanoparticle structure, rather than the direct probing of scattering properties of Pd nanoparticles that shows small wavelength shifts upon hydrogen exposure. Other important plasmon-based hydrogen sensing mechanism is based on plasmonic-perfect absorbers [11][12][13], and single crystal Pd and its alloy-coated nanowires [14,15]. The motivation behind the absorbance-based sensors is to minimize the requirement for the bulky optical setups, expensive light sources, and spectrometers by only probing the scattered light intensity at perfect-absorption wavelength. Moreover, some of the recent studies report the visual detection of hydrogen by using thin film optical coatings to circumvent the problems of hydrogen sensors based on electrical readout [16,17]. Despite the demonstration of visual detection of H 2 , the thin film structure did not take full advantage of the lossy nature of Pd films. In this study, we demo...

“…The motivation behind the absorbance-based sensors is to minimize the requirement for the bulky optical setups, expensive light sources, and spectrometers by only probing the scattered light intensity at perfect-absorption wavelength. Moreover, some of the recent studies report the visual detection of hydrogen by using thin film optical coatings to circumvent the problems of hydrogen sensors based on electrical readout [16,17]. Despite the demonstration of visual detection of H 2 , the thin film structure did not take full advantage of the lossy nature of Pd films.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfectly absorbing ultra thin interference coatings for hydrogen sensing

¹

,

²

,

³

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Here we numerically demonstrate a straightforward method for optical detection of hydrogen gas by means of absorption reduction and colorimetric indication. A perfectly absorbing metal-insulator-metal (MIM) thin film interference structure is constructed using a silver metal back reflector, silicon dioxide insulator, and palladium as the upper metal layer and hydrogen catalyst. The thickness of silicon dioxide allows the maximizing of the electric field intensity at the Air∕SiO 2 interface at the quarter wavelengths and enabling perfect absorption with the help of highly absorptive palladium thin film ∼7 nm. While the exposure of the MIM structure to H 2 moderately increases reflection, the relative intensity contrast due to formation of metal hydride is extensive. By modifying the insulator film thickness and hence the spectral absorption, the color is tuned and eyevisible results are obtained. Hydrogen H 2 sensing requires development of highly sensitive, reliable, and short response-time sensors due to its use in critical applications such as fuel-cells, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum and chemical production. Palladium (Pd) can absorb H 2 upon exposure and transform into palladium hydride PdH x , and the optical and electrical properties of Pd metal are changed by such transformation [1]. Recent advancements in plasmonic research and nanofabrication techniques led the development of surface and localized surface plasmon-based (LSPR) hydrogen sensors using Pd [2][3][4]. Nanoparticle or LSPR sensors show good potential for faster response times [5,6]. However, the broad spectral response of LSPR-based hydrogen sensors arises as an issue, which, later on, led the researchers to reduce the linewidth with the help of a whispering gallery mode cavity [7], and to develop highly sensitive hybrid sensors such as using Pd with a good plasmonic metal [8,9]. For example, Alivisatos and co-workers have demonstrated highly sensitive hydrogen sensors by placing Pd nanoparticles close to the sharp corners of nanoantennas [10].Such sensing mechanisms are based on probing of the scattering properties of nanoantenna-Pd nanoparticle structure, rather than the direct probing of scattering properties of Pd nanoparticles that shows small wavelength shifts upon hydrogen exposure. Other important plasmon-based hydrogen sensing mechanism is based on plasmonic-perfect absorbers [11][12][13], and single crystal Pd and its alloy-coated nanowires [14,15]. The motivation behind the absorbance-based sensors is to minimize the requirement for the bulky optical setups, expensive light sources, and spectrometers by only probing the scattered light intensity at perfect-absorption wavelength. Moreover, some of the recent studies report the visual detection of hydrogen by using thin film optical coatings to circumvent the problems of hydrogen sensors based on electrical readout [16,17]. Despite the demonstration of visual detection of H 2 , the thin film structure did not take full advantage of the lossy nature of Pd films. In this study, we demo...

“…Tatsächlich wurde gezeigt, dass solche Kombinationen zum hochempfindlichen plasmonischen Nachweis von Wasserstoffgas genutzt werden kçnnen. [8] Als wichtigstes Fazit bleibt, dass wir aufgeschlossen sein sollten für die unzähligen Mçglichkeiten, die die Anwendung klassischer Konzepte der Chemie für das breite Feld der Nanokristallsynthese bieten kann. Obwohl wir schon weit …”

Section: Angewandte Highlightsunclassified

Nanokristallwachstum: mehr Komplexität bei gleichbleibend hoher Symmetrie

¹

2015

Angewandte Chemie

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No abstract

“…[5][6][7][8][9] These sensors are 1D or 2D gratings 5,10-14 apart from gold colloids/its variations, 6,15 ring resonators, 8,16 evanescent field optical waveguides, 17 etc. These applications are dependent on the sensitivity of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) to the refractive index (RI) of the medium adjacent to the metal surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-universal behavior of leaky surface waves in a one dimensional asymmetric plasmonic grating

¹

,

²

,

³

2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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We report on a non-universal behavior of leaky surface plasmon waves on asymmetric (Si/Au/ analyte of different height) 1D grating through numerical modelling. The occurrence of the leaky surface wave was maximized (suppressing the Fabry-Perot cavity mode), which can be identified in a reflection spectrum through characteristic minimum. Beyond a specific analyte height (h), new sets of surface waves emerge, each bearing a unique reflection minimum. Furthermore, all of these minima depicted a red-shift before saturating at higher h values. This saturation is found to be non-universal despite the close association with their origin (being leaky surface waves). This behavior is attributed to the fundamental nature and the origin of the each set. Additionally, all of the surface wave modes co-exit at relatively higher h values. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

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