Line shape broadness in vibrational spectra is usually
associated
with structural heterogeneity of the surrounding environment. At the
solid/liquid interface, surface-sensitive sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) has shown
a variety of distributions of the vibrational frequency for sapphire
surface hydroxyl groups in contact with several liquids. Even though
the broadness in SFG spectra could be associated with the surface
heterogeneity and diverse interfacial interactions, the origin remains
elusive in experiments. To better understand the physical picture
of interfacial interactions, and hence broadness, we perform SFG along
with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of liquid molecules in contact
with sapphire. In the SFG spectra, line-shape broadness of the sapphire
hydroxyl group vibrational frequency increases in the following order:
chloroform, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The broadness in the
interaction energy distributions calculated from the MD simulations
for the molecules interacting with surface hydroxyl groups follows
the same order. MD simulations show that liquid molecules are seen
to interact locally with multiple sapphire hydroxyl groups. The number
of interactions depends on the location of a molecule with respect
to the surface hydroxyl groups, which relate to the packing of individual
molecules on surface sites. Regardless of the number of hydroxyl groups
that a molecule interacts with, the strength of the strongest interaction
remains similar. However, neighboring hydroxyl groups interact with
the same molecule with weaker energies, creating broadness in the
interaction energy distribution for the strongly interacting (acetone
and dimethyl sulfoxide) species. The energy distribution profiles
correlate well with the experimental SFG spectra, highlighting the
ability to interpret spectroscopic features with the physical insights
gained from MD simulations.