Hydrogen Blending into Natural Gas Pipeline Infrastructure: Review of the State of Technology

Topolski, Kevin; Reznicek, Evan; Erdener, Burcin; Marchi, Chris San; Ronevich, Joseph Allen; Fring, Lisa; Simmons, Kevin L.; Guerra, Omar J.; Chung, Mark

doi:10.2172/1893355

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Thus, it has been proposed to use the existing natural gas pipeline to transport hydrogen for alleviating hydrogen transport costs and to promote hydrogen adoption. 13,14 However, there are a myriad of issues that need to be addressed before using the natural gas pipeline for hydrogen storage and delivery. The main issues are the embrittlement of pipeline materials with hydrogen, hydrogen leakage from the pipeline, and the ability to pressure and move hydrogen within the pipeline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office has created the HyBlend Initiative to examine and address the technical barriers to blend hydrogen in the natural gas pipeline. 13 The embrittlement of pipeline materials with hydrogen is a key issue. 15 This concern is addressed by diluting hydrogen with natural gas to 20% less, preferably 3 to 10%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deconvoluting charge-transfer, mass transfer, and ohmic resistances in phosphonic acid–sulfonic acid ionomer binders used in electrochemical hydrogen pumps

Arunagiri,

Wong,

Briceno-Mena

et al. 2023

Energy Environ. Sci.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deconvoluting charge-transfer, mass transfer, and ohmic resistances in phosphonic acid–sulfonic acid ionomer binders used in electrochemical hydrogen pumps

Arunagiri,

Wong,

Briceno-Mena

et al. 2023

Energy Environ. Sci.

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“…12 Hydrogen could similarly mitigate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in the transportation sector−particularly in heavy-duty transportation (e.g., trucks 13 and marine vessels 14 ). Furthermore, blending low-carbon hydrogen with natural gas 15 could lower the carbon intensity of technologies that consume natural gas. Given such versatility, hydrogen has captured the attention of policymakers, as evidenced by the publication of hydrogen "roadmaps" by over a dozen nations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supply and Demand Drivers of Global Hydrogen Deployment in the Transition toward a Decarbonized Energy System

O’Rourke,

Mignone,

Kyle

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The role of hydrogen in energy system decarbonization is being actively examined by the research and policy communities. We evaluate the potential "hydrogen economy" in global climate change mitigation scenarios using the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM). We consider major hydrogen production methods in conjunction with delivery options to understand how hydrogen infrastructure affects its deployment. We also consider a rich set of hydrogen end-use technologies and vary their costs to understand how demand technologies affect deployment. We find that the availability of hydrogen transmission and distribution infrastructure primarily affects the hydrogen production mix, particularly the share produced centrally versus on-site, whereas assumptions about end-use technology primarily affect the scale of hydrogen deployment. In effect, hydrogen can be a source of distributed energy, enabled by on-site renewable electrolysis and, to a lesser extent, by on-site production at industrial facilities using natural gas with carbon capture and storage (CCS). While the share of hydrogen in final energy is small relative to the share of other major energy carriers in our scenarios, hydrogen enables decarbonization in difficult-to-electrify end uses, such as industrial high-temperature heat. Hydrogen deployment, and in turn its contribution to greenhouse gas mitigation, increases as the climate objective is tightened.

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“…Building out a new pipeline network for transporting and delivering hydrogen is a timely endeavor, and the timeline for hydrogen adoption in the economy will be fast over the coming decade. Thus, it has been proposed to use the existing natural gas pipeline to transport hydrogen for alleviating hydrogen transport costs and to promote hydrogen adoption 13,14 . However, there are a myriad of issues that need to be addressed before using the natural gas pipeline for hydrogen storage and delivery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main issues are the embrittlement of pipeline materials with hydrogen, hydrogen leakage from the pipeline, and the ability to pressure and move hydrogen within the pipeline 15 . The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office has created the HyBlend Initiative to examine and address the technical barriers to blend hydrogen in the natural gas pipeline 13 . The embrittlement of pipeline materials with hydrogen is a key issue 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deconvoluting charge-transfer, mass transfer, and ohmic resistances in phosphonic acid-sulfonic acid ionomer binders used in electrochemical hydrogen pumps

Arunagiri

Wong

Briceño-Mena

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Ion-pair high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes (HT-PEMs) paired with phosphonic acid ionomer electrode binders have substantially improved the performance of HT-PEM electrochemical hydrogen pumps (EHPs) and fuel cells. Recently, blending poly(pentafluorstyrene-co-tetrafluorostyrene phosphonic acid) (PTFSPA) with NafionTM, and using this blend as an electrode binder, improved proton conductivity in the electrode layer resulting in a 2 W.cm-2 peak power density of fuel cells at 240 °C (a HT-PEM fuel cell record). However, much is unknown about how phosphonic acid ionomers blended with perfluorosulfonic acid materials affect electrode kinetics and gas transport in porous electrodes. In this work, we studied the proton conductivity, electrode kinetics, and gas transport resistances of 3 types of phosphonic acid ionomers, poly(vinyl phosphonic acid), poly(vinyl benzyl phosphonic acid), and PTFSPA by themselves and when blended with Aquivion® (a perfluorosulfonic acid material). These studies were performed using EHP platforms. For all phosphoric acid ionomer types, the addition of Aquivion® promoted ionic conductivity, hydrogen oxidation/evolution reaction kinetics (HOR/HER), and hydrogen gas permeability. Solid-state 31P NMR revealed that the addition of Aquivion® eliminated or significantly reduced phosphate ester formation in phosphoric acid ionomers and this plays a vital role in enhancing ionomer blend conductivity. Using the best blend variant, PTFSPA-Aquivion®, an EHP performance of 5.1 A cm-2 at 0.4 V at T = 200 °C was attained. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations identified that phosphonic acids with electron-withdrawing moieties reduced the propensity of the phosphonic acid to specifically adsorb on platinum electrocatalyst surfaces. The relative adsorption affinity of the various phosphonic acid ionomers from DFT is consistent with an experimentally obtained charge transfer resistance. A voltage loss breakdown model revealed that the addition of Aquivion® reduced activation and concentration overpotentials in EHPs. Overall, a systematic experimental and modeling approach provided further insight as to how perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers blended with phosphoric acid ionomers affect ionic conductivity, reaction kinetics, and gas permeability in EHP platforms.

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Hydrogen Blending into Natural Gas Pipeline Infrastructure: Review of the State of Technology

Cited by 30 publications

References 107 publications

Deconvoluting charge-transfer, mass transfer, and ohmic resistances in phosphonic acid–sulfonic acid ionomer binders used in electrochemical hydrogen pumps

Deconvoluting charge-transfer, mass transfer, and ohmic resistances in phosphonic acid–sulfonic acid ionomer binders used in electrochemical hydrogen pumps

Supply and Demand Drivers of Global Hydrogen Deployment in the Transition toward a Decarbonized Energy System

Deconvoluting charge-transfer, mass transfer, and ohmic resistances in phosphonic acid-sulfonic acid ionomer binders used in electrochemical hydrogen pumps

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