Hydrogen, 2. Production

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Production from Coal and Hydrocarbons 1.1. Coke Oven Gas 1.2. Gasification of Coal and Hydrocarbons 1.2.1. Coal Gasification 1.2.2. Gasification of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons 1.2.3. Examples of Industrial Scale Hydrogen Production (by Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons) 1.3. Catalytic Reforming of Hydrocarbons 1.3.1. Feedstocks 1.3.2. Tubular Reformer 1.3.3. Steam Reforming Plant 1.3.4. Special Designs 1.3.5. Autothermal Reactors 1.4. Refinery Processes 1.5. Petrochemical Processes 2. Electrolysis 2.1. Principles 2.2. Conventional Water Electrolysis 2.3. New Developments in Electrolytic Processes 2.4. Hydrogen as Byproduct from other Electrochemical Processes 3. Thermochemical Water Cleavage 3.1. Thermodynamics of Closed Cycles 3.2. Further Criteria of Thermochemical Cycles 3.3. Thermochemical Cyclic Processes 3.4. Hybrid Cycle Processes 4. Other Methods for the Cleavage of Water 4.1. Thermolytic and Radiolytic Processes 4.2. Photochemical or Photoelectrical Water Cleavage 4.3. Hydrogen Formation in Biological Systems 5. Other Chemical Processes 5.1. Hydrogen from Conversion of Metals 5.2. Hydrogen from Ammonia 5.3. Hydrogen from Methanol 5.4. Hydrogen from Hydrogen Sulfide 5.5. Hydrogen as Byproduct 6. Economic Aspects 6.1. Analysis of the Cost Structure 6.2. Prognosis of the Hydrogen Costs

Polymer anion-selective membranes for electrolytic splitting of water. Part II: Enhancement of ionic conductivity and performance under conditions of alkaline water electrolysis

“…A further increase to 6.8 wt% only resulted in an insignificant improvement in the system performance (10 % at 1.9 V). It should be noted that, in the case of the membrane with 6.8 wt%, a current load value of 0.26 A cm -2 achieved at 1.9 V is comparable with values achieved in industry despite the fact that in industry up to 30 wt% of potassium hydroxide is used [5]. With a 10.2 wt% of PEG-PPG, the load curve decreases due to the deterioration of the mechanical properties discussed earlier in this work.…”

“…Efficiency was not the main requirement because this technology was typically used in locations with an excess of electricity production. This requirement resulted in the utilization of nickel-based, massive, two-dimensional electrodes, a thick diaphragm as an electrode compartment separator, and a highly concentrated KOH solution (typically 30 wt%) as the electrolyte [5]. The high KOH concentration is used to reduce the voltage ohmic drop in the cell between the electrodes.…”

“…The high KOH concentration is used to reduce the voltage ohmic drop in the cell between the electrodes. Such a system is characterized by relatively low flexibility and insufficient efficiency (55-76 %) [5,6]. A significant improvement in this situation is expected if the diaphragm and also, in an ideal case, the KOH in the electrolyte solution were to be replaced by an anion-selective polymer electrolyte.…”

Kinetics and Heat Exchanger Design for Catalytic Ortho‐Para Hydrogen Conversion during Liquefaction

“…For automotive fuel supply, especially the liquid state of hydrogen shows a high potential for perspective cost-efficient transportation and larger refueling stations [3]. However, existing industrial liquefaction of hydrogen is currently comparatively expensive and energyintensive when produced at a small scale [2,4].…”

Process Optimization of the Methanol Synthesis Using Different Local Optimization Algorithms

“…[37]. In dem als Gleichgewichtsreaktor modellierten adiabaten Prereformer laufen die folgenden Gleichgewichtsreaktionen ab: [42].…”