Hydrogels differentiated by length scales: A review of biopolymer-based hydrogel preparation methods, characterization techniques, and targeted applications

Patel, Panchami; Thareja, Prachi

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110935

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…It is also possible to form gels by cross-linking preformed polymer chains. Good examples are biopolymers such as alginates where the biopolymer backbone chemistry is rich in carboxylic acids. , As such, deprotonation and placement in a calcium-rich environment results in chelation of calcium ions and hence cross-linking of the biopolymer chains; the gel properties can be controlled by the concentration of the biopolymer and cross-linking density. Similarly, gels can be formed by heating and cooling solutions of gelatin, which results in a reversible transition leading to solubilization (at high temperature) and helix formation on cooling, which leads to the formation of cross-links between the gelatin chains.…”

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confidence: 99%

Personal Perspective on Understanding Low Molecular Weight Gels

Adams

2022

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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Low molecular weight gels are formed by the self-assembly of small molecules into anisotropic structures that form a network capable of immobilizing the solvent. Such gels are common, with a huge number of different examples existing, and they have many applications. However, there are still significant gaps in our understanding of these systems and challenges that need to be addressed if we are to be able to fully design such systems. Here, a number of these challenges are discussed.

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confidence: 99%

Personal Perspective on Understanding Low Molecular Weight Gels

Adams

2022

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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“…Several colloidal delivery systems such as micro- and nanoemulsions [ 52 ], liposomes [ 53 , 54 , 55 ], solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) [ 56 , 57 ], nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) [ 58 , 59 , 60 ], liquid crystalline NPs [ 61 ], biopolymer microgels [ 62 ], nanocapsules [ 63 ], cyclodextrins (CDs) [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ], smart responsive materials polymer-based NPs [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ] or dendrimers [ 72 , 73 ] can be used for encapsulation of pharmacologically active compounds. By internalization of drugs to nanocarriers (NCs) their stability, bioavailability, cellular uptake/internalization, and pharmacokinetic profile can be ameliorated along with the reduction of their toxicity [ 42 , 74 , 75 , 76 ].…”

Section: Nanosystems and Their Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These inorganic carriers are usually functionalized with the above-mentioned organic polymers, resulting in hybrid NCs, in which active molecules are trapped. Depending on the used material, different NCs are formed, such as liposomes/lipid-based delivery systems, polymeric NPs (micelles, spheres, capsules), dendrimers, polymeric complex NPs, CDs, nanocrystals, electrospun nanofibers, electro-sprayed NPs, nano-spray dried particles, covalent organic frameworks, hydrogels, inorganic nanosystems (quantum dots, carbon based NPs) [ 41 , 45 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 143 ]. Table 1 provides an overview of the types of nanoformulations discussed and their basic building blocks, while Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Figure 5 illustrate the individual anti-infective drugs listed in this review.…”

Section: Applied Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy

Jampílek

Kráľová

2022

Materials

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Microbial infections caused by a variety of drug-resistant microorganisms are more common, but there are fewer and fewer approved new antimicrobial chemotherapeutics for systemic administration capable of acting against these resistant infectious pathogens. Formulation innovations of existing drugs are gaining prominence, while the application of nanotechnologies is a useful alternative for improving/increasing the effect of existing antimicrobial drugs. Nanomaterials represent one of the possible strategies to address this unfortunate situation. This review aims to summarize the most current results of nanoformulations of antibiotics and antibacterial active nanomaterials. Nanoformulations of antimicrobial peptides, synergistic combinations of antimicrobial-active agents with nitric oxide donors or combinations of small organic molecules or polymers with metals, metal oxides or metalloids are discussed as well. The mechanisms of actions of selected nanoformulations, including systems with magnetic, photothermal or photodynamic effects, are briefly described.

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“…The main cross-linking mechanisms include free-radical polymerization, “click” chemistry cross-linking, and enzyme-induced cross-linking . Compared with physical cross-linking, chemically cross-linked hydrogel networks have better mechanical properties, greater stability, and better applications in various fields . A generally applicable cross-linking method has been explored for nearly a century.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of “Click” Chemistry in Biomedical Hydrogels

Xiong

2022

ACS Omega

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Since “click” chemistry was first reported in 2001, it has remained a popular research topic in the field of chemistry due to its high yield without byproducts, fast reaction rate, simple reaction, and biocompatibility. It has achieved good applications in various fields, especially for the preparation of hydrogels. The development of biomedicine presents new challenges and opportunities for hydrogels, and “click” chemistry provides a library of chemical tools for the preparation of various innovative hydrogels, including cell culture, 3D bioprinting, and drug release. This article summarizes several common “click” reactions, including copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions, strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction, thiol–ene reaction, the Diels–Alder reaction, and the inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reaction. We introduce the “click” reaction in the nucleic acid field to expand the concept of “click” chemistry. This article focuses on the application of “click” chemistry for preparing various types of biomedical hydrogels and highlights the advantages of “click” reactions for cross-linking to obtain hydrogels. This review also discusses applications of “click” chemistry outside the field of hydrogels, such as drug synthesis, targeted delivery, and surface modification, hydrogels have great application potential in these fields in the future and hopefully inspire other applications of hydrogels.

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Hydrogels differentiated by length scales: A review of biopolymer-based hydrogel preparation methods, characterization techniques, and targeted applications

Cited by 36 publications

References 157 publications

Personal Perspective on Understanding Low Molecular Weight Gels

Personal Perspective on Understanding Low Molecular Weight Gels

Advances in Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy

Application of “Click” Chemistry in Biomedical Hydrogels

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