Hydrogel wound dressings for diabetic foot ulcer treatment: Status‐quo, challenges, and future perspectives

Abstract

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a common and often debilitating complication of diabetes that can result in lower limb amputations if left untreated. Hydrogel dressings are three‐dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb and retain large amounts of water, and have been shown to possess excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, and excellent fluid handling properties. In addition, hydrogels create a moist wound environment that promotes wound healing by supporting cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Hydrogels, therefore, have emerged as promising wound dressings for promoting DFU healing. In this review, we attempt to chart the landscape of the emerging field of hydrogel as wound dressing for DFU treatment. We will explicitly review the assorted preparation methods for DFU hydrogels as well as a detailed discussion of various types of hydrogels deployed for DFU study. We also crystallize key findings, identify remaining challenges, and present an outlook on the future development of this enticing field.

Neochlorogenic Acid Combined with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Encapsulated into GelMA Hydrogel for Transplantation to Repair Intervertebral Disk Degeneration

“…Several new biomaterials are gaining attention for their promising results in biomedicine. − Hydrogels have favorable cytocompatibility, and their internal porous structure facilitates cell adhesion and growth by providing space for cells to grow inward . Hydrogels are also considered to have the potential to surpass conventional materials because they can integrate with various drugs and cells . GelMA, as a gelatin derivative, has low immunogenicity and can promote the adhesion and proliferation of different cell types, , as well as photo-cross-linking properties under photoinitiator activation because of the substitution of methacryloyl groups .…”

“…24 Hydrogels are also considered to have the potential to surpass conventional materials because they can integrate with various drugs and cells. 25 GelMA, as a gelatin derivative, has low immunogenicity and can promote the adhesion and proliferation of different cell types, 26 , 27 as well as photo-cross-linking properties under photoinitiator activation because of the substitution of methacryloyl groups. 28 Therefore, this study investigated the effect of a GelMA hydrogel loaded with Ncg and BMSCs on the repair of degenerate intervertebral disks.…”

Phenolic Ligand–Metal Charge Transfer Induced Copper Nanozyme with Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging Ability for Chronic Wound Healing

“…4 The ensuing disruption of redox balance promotes a proinflammatory response 5 and compromises the function of cells essential for wound repair processes, including angiogenesis and cell migration, ultimately hindering healing. 3,6,7 One significant contributing factor to this complication is the diminished synthesis of antioxidant enzymes at the injured site in diabetic individuals. 8 The therapeutic application of natural antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), has demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy in diabetic wound healing.…”

“…Chronic wounds, alternatively referred to as nonhealing wounds, are a prevalent complication of diabetes that can result in severe consequences such as infection, amputation, disability, and potentially even mortality. − Diabetic wounds are typified by an increased presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to prolonged systemic hyperglycemia . The ensuing disruption of redox balance promotes a proinflammatory response and compromises the function of cells essential for wound repair processes, including angiogenesis and cell migration, ultimately hindering healing. ,, One significant contributing factor to this complication is the diminished synthesis of antioxidant enzymes at the injured site in diabetic individuals . The therapeutic application of natural antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), has demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy in diabetic wound healing. , However, their clinical application is limited by potential antigenicity, limited bioavailability, and decreased stability in pathological environments …”

Development of an efficient hemostatic material based on cuttlefish ink nanoparticles loaded in cuttlebone biocomposite

“…Nowadays, lots of natural and synthetic agents, including chitosan, alginate, cyanoacrylate, cellulose, zeolite, gelatin, collagen, polyvinyl alcohol, mesoporous silica, starch, and polyglycolic acid, are being used as homeostatic factors, in different forms of powder, hydrogel, membrane and fiber. 11–16 Cotton gauze, Quick Clot, fibrin-based bandages, Hem Con R , Clox TR , and Surgical R are some of the commercial hemostatic agents that are available for public use. 17,18 However, these hemostatic agents have not been consumed widely for clinical applications because of their side effects and other disadvantages.…”