Hydrogel-laden paper scaffold system for origami-based tissue engineering

Abstract

In this study, we present a method for assembling biofunctionalized paper into a multiform structured scaffold system for reliable tissue regeneration using an origami-based approach. The surface of a paper was conformally modified with a poly(styrene-comaleic anhydride) layer via initiated chemical vapor deposition followed by the immobilization of poly-L-lysine (PLL) and deposition of Ca 2+ . This procedure ensures the formation of alginate hydrogel on the paper due to Ca 2+ diffusion. Furthermore, strong adhesion of the alginate hydrogel on the paper onto the paper substrate was achieved due to an electrostatic interaction between the alginate and PLL. The developed scaffold system was versatile and allowed area-selective cell seeding. Also, the hydrogel-laden paper could be folded freely into 3D tissue-like structures using a simple origamibased method. The cylindrically constructed paper scaffold system with chondrocytes was applied into a three-ring defect trachea in rabbits. The transplanted engineered tissues replaced the native trachea without stenosis after 4 wks. As for the custom-built scaffold system, the hydrogel-laden paper system will provide a robust and facile method for the formation of tissues mimicking native tissue constructs.paper scaffolds | origami | tissue engineering | initiated chemical vapor deposition | hydrogel T he living organ changes its shape from a sheet-like arrangement with primitive cells to mature three-dimensional (3D) structures through morphogenetic processes (1-3). To date, a wide range of biomaterials have been used for the total or partial replacement of damaged organs and/or tissue structures (4-7). As the functions of the living organ are realized by periodic changes in the spatial arrangement of tissue elements, multiform scaffold systems mimicking the native tissue are desired. Moldcasting and electrospinning, among various other methods, have been introduced to fabricate diverse scaffolds (8, 9). These fabrication processes, however, possess limitations for organlike structure productions. Although recent progress in tissue engineering has focused on using 3D printer schemes, there are still limitations such as the shortage of appropriate printing materials and technical challenges related to the sensitivity of living cells (10-12).Paper-based scaffolds have been used previously for cell culture platforms (13), high-throughput biochemical assay platforms (14), and a point-of-care diagnostic system (15). As a nature-originated substrate, paper has attracted enormous research interest for applications in tissue engineering (16). Cellulose-based paper may serve as a promising material for tissue engineering as it contains macroporous structures that allow nutrient transport and oxygenation (13). In this regard, paper origami is a simple alternative approach for fabricating a multiform scaffold. Based on computeraided design (CAD) planar figures, a variety of shaped scaffolds could be designed using biofunctionalized paper.In this report, a vapor-phase method, init...

Transplantation of a 3D-printed tracheal graft combined with iPS cell-derived MSCs and chondrocytes

“…Successful tracheal reconstruction using tissue-engineered artificial trachea requires biocompatible 3D constructs comparable with natural trachea, coverage with ciliated respiratory mucosa, and adequate cartilage remodeling [21][22][23][24] . Many studies have documented the induction of tracheal mucosa and cartilage using a variety of scaffolds.…”

Biomaterials and Advanced Biofabrication Techniques in hiPSCs Based Neuromyopathic Disease Modeling

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