Hydrogel Biosensor Array Platform Indexed by Shape

Meiring, Jason; Schmid, Matthew J.; Grayson, Scott M.; Rathsack, Benjamin M.; Johnson, David M.; Kirby, Romy; Kannappan, Ramakrishnan; Manthiram, Kalpana; Hsia, Benjamin; Hogan, Zachary L.; Ellington, Andrew D.; Pishko, Michael V.; Willson, C. Grant

doi:10.1021/cm049488j

Cited by 73 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Hydrogels are crosslinked hydrophilic polymers that have attracted much recent research interest in many fields, including making sensors (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Hydrogels are ideal for immobilization of biomolecules because the majority of their volume is water and biomolecules can maintain their native structure and function (29)(30)(31)(32). A number of DNA-functionalized hydrogels have been reported for various applications (23)(24)(25)(26)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA-Functionalized Monolithic Hydrogels and Gold Nanoparticles for Colorimetric DNA Detection

Baeissa

Dave

Smith

et al. 2010

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

124

115

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Highly sensitive and selective DNA detection plays a central role in many fields of research and various assay platforms have been developed. Compared to homogeneous DNA detection, surface immobilized probes allow washing steps and signal amplification to give higher sensitivity. Previously research was focused on developing glass or gold based surfaces for DNA immobilization, we herein report hydrogel immobilized DNA. Specifically, acrydite-modified DNA was covalently functionalized to the polyacrylamide hydrogel during gel formation. There are several advantages of these DNAfunctionalized monolithic hydrogels. First, they can be easily handled in a way similar to that in homogeneous assays. Second, they have a low optical background where in combination with DNAfunctionalized gold nanoparticles, even ~0.1 nM target DNA can be visually detected. By using the attached gold nanoparticles to catalyze the reduction of Ag + , as low as 1 pM target DNA can be detected. The gels can be regenerated by a simple thermal treatment and the regenerated gels perform similarly compared to freshly prepared ones. The amount of gold nanoparticles adsorbed through DNA hybridization decreases with increasing gel percentage. Other parameters including DNA concentration, DNA sequence, ionic strength of the solution and temperature have also been systematically characterized in this study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA-Functionalized Monolithic Hydrogels and Gold Nanoparticles for Colorimetric DNA Detection

Baeissa

Dave

Smith

et al. 2010

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

124

115

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“…However, this demonstration was performed by using a randomly ordered/shape-indexed approach called the MUFFINS (Mesoscale Unaddressed Functionalized Features INdexed by Shape) platform [10] because it offers the opportunity to readily incorporate multiple probes in a single feature. The shape-encoded features were constructed by contact lithography using a photopolymerizable liquid hydrogel prepolymer containing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-da), water, probe DNA, and trace amounts of a photoinitiator.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To covalently attach the probe sequences to the hydrogel matrix, each of the probes used in this demonstration contained a polymerizable 5'-acrydite modification. [10] Each batch of features was uniquely shaped, so as to provide a means of rapidly identifying the function of each feature within the randomly ordered array. The features can be immobilized onto a support matrix, but for this demonstration the array features were in their loose form.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feature Multiplexing—Improving the Efficiency of Microarray Devices

et al. 2006

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Since the genomic sequencing of more than 100 organisms first began, an almost overwhelming compendium of genetic and proteomic targets has been identified. Researchers are now beset with the task of characterizing these targets, as well as identifying and characterizing their extant natural variants. Combinatorial analytical techniques, such as microarray analysis, have emerged as the preferred tools for performing these characterizations and have enabled the recent commercialization of DNA [1][2][3][4] and proteomic [5] sensor arrays. A common attribute shared by all of these devices is the convention of distributing each sensor probe onto an exclusive array feature. This methodology imposes the requirement that the arrays possess a number of features equal to the number of probes, thus requiring array designers to investigate miniaturization to enable higher-density array construction. [6,7] However, decreasing the feature size correspondingly reduces the number of sensing molecules per feature, and the reduction of feature size and spacing is fundamentally limited by the array technology (namely, optimized feature spacing is at present on the order of hundreds of microns).A novel platform-independent probe-loading methodology has been developed that circumvents the need for the continual shrinkage of sensor features. This methodology increases the information density of the array not by miniaturizing the features in the array, but rather by changing the way probes are distributed within the array (see Figure 1). This technique, called feature multiplexing, achieves increases in density by incorporating multiple probes into each feature using a unique encoding system (see Figure 1). The use of this methodology allows a given number of features (n) to be used to deploy a much greater quantity of probes (up to 2 n À2) when sensing for a single analyte. This methodology can dramatically increase the capacity or information density of an array because there is this exponential relationship between the number of array Figure 1. Three-feature standard arrays (with one probe per feature) can only detect three targets, whereas multiplexed arrays can detect six target sequences.

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“…Although this color-coded system has shown great potential in multiplexed analysis, the finite number of unique dye combinations and the spectral overlap of fluorescence signals between identifying particles and quantifying analytes limit the application (He et al 2007;Pregibon et al 2007). One strategy to solve the problem associated with the color-coded system is to use a shape-coded system, in which different biomolecules are immobilized in a suspension array with difference shapes (He et al 2007;Meiring et al 2004). Since hundreds of unique shapes of hydrogel microparticles could be prepared by our photopatterning and flushing method, multi-analyte arrays could be prepared by randomly assembling a mixture of the desired suspension arrays.…”

Section: Simultaneous Analysis Of Different Enzymatic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suspension arrays of hydrogel microparticles prepared by photopatterning for multiplexed protein-based bioassays

Lee

Choi

Kim

et al. 2008

Biomed Microdevices

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Suspension arrays for protein-based assays have been developed using shape-coded poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microparticles to overcome the problems with current systems which use color-coded rigid microparticles as protein supports. Various shapes of hydrogel microparticles were fabricated by a two-step process consisting of photopatterning and flushing using a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) channel as a molding insert. Hydrogel microparticles with lateral dimensions ranging from 50 to 300 micrometers were fabricated using different molecular weights of PEG (700, 3,400, and 8,000 Da), by which the water content and swelling behavior of the hydrogel microparticles could be controlled. Protein-entrapped hydrogel microparticles were prepared in a suspension array format, and PEG hydrogel could encapsulate proteins without deactivation for a week due to its high water content and soft nature. The sequential bienzymatic reaction of hydrogel-entrapped glucose oxidase (GOX) and peroxidase (POD) was successfully investigated using fluorescence detection, demonstrating one possible application of suspension arrays. Furthermore, a mixture of two different shapes of hydrogel microparticles containing GOX/POD and alkaline phosphatase (AP), respectively, was prepared and the shape-coded suspension array was used for simultaneous characterization of two different enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

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Hydrogel Biosensor Array Platform Indexed by Shape

Cited by 73 publications

References 16 publications

DNA-Functionalized Monolithic Hydrogels and Gold Nanoparticles for Colorimetric DNA Detection

DNA-Functionalized Monolithic Hydrogels and Gold Nanoparticles for Colorimetric DNA Detection

Feature Multiplexing—Improving the Efficiency of Microarray Devices

Suspension arrays of hydrogel microparticles prepared by photopatterning for multiplexed protein-based bioassays

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