Hydroethanolic Extract of Prunus domestica L.: Metabolite Profiling and In Vitro Modulation of Molecular Mechanisms Associated to Cardiometabolic Diseases

Abstract

High consumption of fruit and vegetables has an inverse association with cardiometabolic risk factors. This study aimed to chemically characterize the hydroethanolic extract of P. domestica subsp. syriaca fruit pulp and evaluate its inhibitory activity against metabolic enzymes and production of proinflammatory mediators. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry(UHPLC-HRMS) analysis showed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and glycoside flavonols, while nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analysis showed, among saccharides, an abundant presence of glucose. P. domestica fruit extract inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and HMG CoA reductase enzyme activities, with IC50 values of 7.01 mg/mL, 6.4 mg/mL, 6.0 mg/mL, and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. P. domestica fruit extract inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitrite, interleukin-1 β and PGE2 in activated J774 macrophages. The findings of the present study indicate that P. domestica fruit extracts positively modulate in vitro a series of molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases. Further research is necessary to better characterize these properties and their potential application for human health.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of the Fruits of European Plum Cultivar “Čačanska Lepotica” Influenced by Different Rootstocks

“…The higher TSC of the fruits collected in 2021 could be explained by the maturity stage and/or annual weather conditions [ 6 , 29 , 30 ]. Our results showed that monosaccharides are the predominant soluble carbohydrates in fruit, with glucose as the major component, and were in accordance with previous findings for “Čačanska Lepotica” [ 9 , 27 , 28 ] and other cultivars of Prunus domestica [ 2 , 6 , 9 , 19 , 27 , 29 ]. It is worth mentioning that the contents of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol differed from those published recently for the plum cultivar “Čačanska Lepotica” collected from the same place [ 13 ].…”

“…The fruits grown on “GXN-15” and “Janka” rootstock were the richest in malic and quinic acids, respectively, while the skins from the fruit grafted on “Wavit” rootstock contained the highest amount of both organic acids. The content of malic acid was nearly 2.5 (on average) times higher than that of quinic acid and was in accordance with previous studies of plum cultivars [ 6 , 13 , 19 ]. The amount of quinic acid was similar to that found for the plum cultivar “Čačanska Lepotica” collected from the same place [ 13 ], while that of malic acid was nearly two times higher.…”

“…1 H NMR spectroscopy proved to be a valuable tool for identification and quantitation of primary and secondary metabolites of different fruits such as grape, orange, apple juice, cherry, kiwifruits, mango, black raspberry, melon, watermelon, blueberry, plum, and peach [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. The 1 H NMR spectra of the methanol extracts obtained from the fruit and the fruit skin of plum cultivar “Čačanska Lepotica” grown on “Wavit”, “Janka”, “Ishtara”, “GF-677”, and “GXN-15” showed predominantly the presence of carbohydrates ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…The 1 H NMR spectra of the methanol extracts obtained from the fruit and the fruit skin of plum cultivar “Čačanska Lepotica” grown on “Wavit”, “Janka”, “Ishtara”, “GF-677”, and “GXN-15” showed predominantly the presence of carbohydrates ( Figure 1 ). Two-dimensional NMR experiments and a comparison with the literature data allowed for the unambiguous identification of glucose, sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol [ 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Thus, the resonances of the anomeric protons at 5.40 ppm (J = 3.8 Hz), 5.22 ppm (J = 3.7 Hz), and 4.63 ppm (J = 7.9 Hz) were diagnostic for sucrose, α- and β-glucose, while sorbitol was e recognized by the multiplet at δ 3.64 (3H, H-1, H-1’, and H-3).…”

Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Response by a Brewer’s Spent Grain Extract-Based Food Supplement in Subjects with Slightly Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A Monocentric, Randomized, Cross-Over, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

“…Total polyphenol content (TPC) of the BSG extract and the freeze-dried digested samples (1 mg) was determined using a Folin–Ciocalteu method (colorimetric assay), with slight modifications [ 28 ]. A 10 µL aliquot of one of the sample solutions, namely the BSG extract, digested BSG extract (50 mg/mL), and gallic acid standard solutions (at concentrations ranging from 200 to 1000 µg/mL), was added to 50 µL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent.…”