Hydrodynamics Under Storm Conditions

Bertin, Xavier; Olabarrieta, Maitane; McCall, Robert

doi:10.1002/9781118937099.ch2

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…In contrast to the spatial patterns of highest waves, largest values of medicane‐induced coastal sea surface elevations are found in the northern Adriatic Sea (caused by storm surges induced by southeasterly wind setup effect) and in regions with wide shallow continental shelves (Gulfs of Gabes, Syrte, Nile delta, Gulf of Lion, and the Spanish eastern coasts) that favor wind and wave setup. In these shallow areas, wind effect becomes dominant over inverse barometric effect for storm surges generation (Bertin et al., 2017). However, away from gently sloping continental shelves, the coastal resolution of 2 km is insufficient to properly capture the wave setup in the model (as seen for the tide gauge in Centuri during Numa medicane in Section 3).…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal Hazards of Tropical‐Like Cyclones Over the Mediterranean Sea

et al. 2022

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Medicanes, for Mediterranean hurricanes, are mesoscale cyclones with morphological and physical characteristics similar to tropical cyclones. Although less intense, smaller, and rarer than their Atlantic counterparts, medicanes are very hazardous events threatening islands and continental coasts within the Mediterranean Sea. The latest strong episode, Medicane Ianos (September 2020), resulted in severe damages in Greece and several casualties. This work investigates the oceanic response to these extreme events along the Mediterranean coasts under present‐day and future (late 21st century) climate conditions. To this end, a coupled hydrodynamic‐wave model is used to simulate both storm surges and wind‐waves generation and propagation in the Mediterranean Sea at high resolution (∼2 km) along the coastlines. A data set of thousands of medicanes synthetically generated from 20 global climate models and two atmospheric reanalyses is used to derive the atmospheric forcing fields. Regional coastal hazards assessment is performed for the present and future climates. For the first period, highest medicane‐induced waves are found in the central and the southwest part of the western Mediterranean, while greatest storm surges are found in the Adriatic Sea and regions characterized by wide and gently sloping continental shelves. Results obtained for future changes show amplitudes generally smaller than the associated uncertainty due to limited agreement among models (especially for coastal elevation). Though, model consensus is reached (60–75%) and relative intensity change is significant (10–20%) at some locations (e.g., 1 m increase of medicane‐induced significant wave height on average for south coasts of Sicilia).

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Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal Hazards of Tropical‐Like Cyclones Over the Mediterranean Sea

et al. 2022

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“…Moreover, Figure 9 shows that wave setup 99 th quantiles lower than 10 cm are mainly found for the northern and western part of the Adriatic. The geographical pattern of the return levels shows that high values are generally found with the presence of wide continental shelves with mild slopes that favour the wind setup contribution to storm surge generation, which dominates over inverse barometric effect (Bertin et al, 2017) and wave setup component with little depth inducing wavebreaking. This is the case of the Gulf of Lions and of the coastline sector between the Gulf of Gabes and the northern coasts of Lybia (e.g.…”

Section: Return Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During this event, extremely large waves were recorded by wave buoys (with H S over 8 m) that notably propagated towards coasts of the Comunidad Valenciana (Spain) with perpendicular direction to shoreline (area zoomed, see Figure 8A) generating significant coastal inundation and numerous damages. This area is characterised by a shallow continental shelf that extends beyond 10 km offshore (30 m depths are reached at this distance, see Figure 8B), with the wind effect becoming dominant over atmospheric gradient pressure contribution to storm surges (Bertin et al, 2017) and shallow waters favouring depth-induced wave breaking. Lower panels (Figures 8C, D) show simulated elev (C) and elev coupled (D).…”

Section: Coastal Hazards 41 the Contribution Of Wave Setup To Extreme...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, regional and global numerical hindcasts aimed at reproducing coastal extreme sea levels over large spatial scales only account for storm surges, neglecting waves. In shallow waters, the wind effect becomes dominant over pressure gradients for storm surge generation (Bertin et al, 2017;Joyce et al, 2019), but at the same time waves propagating towards the shoreline dissipate, mostly through viscous effects and depth-induced breaking. Wave radiation stress gradients (Longuet-Higgins and Stewart, 1964) also bring a non-negligible wave setup component that contributes to coastal extreme sea levels, to an extent that depends on nearshore varying wave transformation and morphological features of the coast.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coastal sea levels and wind-waves in the Mediterranean Sea since 1950 from a high-resolution ocean reanalysis

et al. 2022

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In the Mediterranean Sea, coastal extreme sea levels are mainly caused by storm surges driven by atmospheric pressure and surface winds from extratropical cyclones. In addition, wind-waves generated by the same atmospheric perturbations may also contribute to coastal extremes through wave setup (temporal rise above the mean sea level due to dissipation and breaking of waves in shallow waters close to the shore). This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of coastal extreme sea levels in the Mediterranean basin, using a new ocean hindcast generated with a coupled hydrodynamic-wave model that simulates storm surges and wind-waves. The numerical simulation covers the period 1950-2021 with high temporal sampling (1h) and at unprecedented spatial resolution for a basin scale analysis, that reaches 200 m along the coastlines. Coastal storm surges and wave heights are validated with available observations (tide gauges, waves buoys and satellites). Comparison against tide gauges shows an average RMSE of 7.5 cm (7.7 cm for extreme events) and mean linear correlation of 0.64 for the whole period. Similarly, comparison of simulated and observed significant wave height shows good agreement, with RMSE lower than 0.25 m and a coefficient correlation as high as 0.95. The results confirm that coastal extreme sea levels are more likely to be located in regions with wide continental shelves favouring the wind contribution to storm surges along with shallow waters that favour wave setup induced by depth-breaking. The contribution of waves to coastal extreme sea levels has been quantified, using the hindcast in combination with an uncoupled simulation and has been shown to be significant, with an assessed wave setup spatial footprint at regional scale and observed maximum sea levels increased by up to 120% in the presence of waves.

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“…These systems combine in situ, modeled, and probabilistic data for sites of interest, such that managers and decision-makers can assess site-specific vulnerabilities to inundation or erosion, or create a post-event response if it is needed from support services [6]. The advantage of these systems over historical approaches such as storm indices is the possibility of forecasted and real-time hazard identifications when up-to-date in situ data such as topobathymetric surveys are coupled with real-time water level observations and forecasted wave heights [8]. The disadvantage is the need for up-to-date topobathymetric datasets and in situ wave height observations in estuaries where shallow depths prevent vessel-based bathymetric surveys, and the high turbidity reduces topobathymetric lidar depth penetration [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Estuarine Hydrometeorological Coastal Hazards Using a Combined Field Observation and Modeling Approach

Dohner

DuVal

2022

JMSE

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Coastal development and its associated site management have rapidly expanded to estuarine environments while continuing to increase worldwide. With the growth of coastal management projects, field observations are required to understand how anthropogenic construction, coastal defense, environmental restoration, and conservation areas will react to the typical, extreme, and long-term conditions at the proposed sites. To address these unknowns, we present a multi-faceted coastal risk assessment of a unique, recently nourished estuarine beach near the mouth of the Delaware Bay Estuary by merging rapid-response remote sensing platforms, hydrodynamic models, and publically available monitoring datasets. Specifically, hydrometeorological events from 2015 to 2019 were the focus of peak-over-threshold statistics, event type definition, and clustered event interval determination. The 95th percentile thresholds were determined to be the following: 0.84 m for the significant wave height, 13.5 m/s for the 10-m elevation wind speed, and 0.4 m for the total water level residuals. Tropical and extra-tropical cyclones, light gales, or cold and stationary fronts proved to be the meteorological causes of the sediment mobility, inducing the hydrodynamics at the site. Using these event types and exceedance instances, clustered meteorological events were defined as having an interval greater than twelve hours but less than five days to be considered clustered. Clustered events were observed to cause greater volumetric change than individual events, and are currently underrepresented in coastal risk planning and response in the region. Coastal monitoring field measurements should consider clustered events when conducting post-hazardous or erosional event response surveys. This work highlights the importance of clustered hydrometeorological events causing estuarine coastal risk, and how to quantify these effects through combined field observations and modeling approaches.

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Hydrodynamics Under Storm Conditions

Cited by 5 publications

References 75 publications

Coastal Hazards of Tropical‐Like Cyclones Over the Mediterranean Sea

Coastal Hazards of Tropical‐Like Cyclones Over the Mediterranean Sea

Coastal sea levels and wind-waves in the Mediterranean Sea since 1950 from a high-resolution ocean reanalysis

Quantifying Estuarine Hydrometeorological Coastal Hazards Using a Combined Field Observation and Modeling Approach

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