A solution-enhanced
dispersion by supercritical CO2 (SEDS)
was employed to prepare silk fibroin (SF) nanoparticles. The results
of 24 full factorial experiment indicated that SF nanoparticles
with particle size (PS) from 52.5 to 102.3 nm and particle size distribution
(PSD) from 0.32 to 0.66 can be fabricated successfully. Moreover,
reducing precipitation pressure or increasing concentration of SF
solution, flow rate of SF solution, or precipitation temperature can
increase PS and PSD of SF nanoparticles. The nanoparticle formation
mechanism was elucidated through the formation and growth of SF nuclei
in the gaseous miscible phase evolved from initial droplets generated
by liquid–liquid phase split. Mass transfer between supercritical
CO2 and SF solution superimposed on supersaturation was
the most important process parameter affecting nanoparticle formation.
Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder
diffraction analysis revealed that SF nanoparticles exhibited predominant
random coil and α-helix structure with minor β-sheet conformation.