“…The pitch angle or flapping amplitude directly displays the passive pitch foil's dynamic motion, which is found to decrease as the spring stiffness becomes larger 10,[14][15][16] . As major parameters that reveal the foil's propulsion performance, the angle of attack, thrust coefficient, and advance speed are shown to relate to spring stiffness, and more specifically, an optimal stiffness exists to maximize performance 10,14,15 . In addition, the foil's dynamic mechanism, including motion trajectory 14 , within a period was comprehensively analyzed 16 .…”