Hydrodynamic Control of Alzheimer Aβ Fibrillation with Glucosaminic Acid Containing Click-Cyclized β-Bodies

Abstract

It is well established that the dynamic hydration shell plays a vital role in macromolecular functions such as protein−ligand, protein−protein, protein−DNA, and protein−lipid interactions. Here we investigate how the water modality affects conformational changes, solubility, and motion of fibrillar proteins. The hypothesis is that the introduction of a poly hydroxyl amino acid would increase solvation of the fibril forming peptides, preventing their misfolding and aggregation. For the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, which is considered to be connected with nervous system diseases, including dementia and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, the formation of β-sheet fibrils always occurs with a conformational change and a decrease in the dynamic hydration shell around Aβ(1−42). We present novel cyclic Damino acid peptides that effectively inhibit fibrillation through affecting the dynamic hydration shell of Aβ(1−42) in vitro. Using de novo design within the software Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), five different peptides that recognize Alzheimer's fibrils were designed and synthesized. Three of them were cyclic all-D-amino acid peptides incorporating the same polyhydroxy building block derived from D-glucosaminic acid (GA). One peptide was the parent cyclic all D-amino acid inhibitor with no GA incorporated, and another was an all L-amino acid linear fibrillation inhibitor. The GA-containing peptides were found to show significantly improved inhibition of Aβ(1−42) aggregation. The inhibition was dramatically improved by the synergistic application of two GA peptides targeting each end of the growing fibril. The present study may facilitate future developments of intervention strategies for Alzheimer's disease and similar neurodegenerative diseases.