Hydrocracking, hydrogenation and hydro-deoxygenation of fatty acids, esters and glycerides: Mechanisms, kinetics and transport phenomena

Understanding the different deoxygenation reaction pathways of lauric acid over alumina-supported Ni and Co catalysts

“…17 All this makes them great model substrates for studying deoxygenation catalysts, identifying optimal reaction conditions and testing the properties of various catalysts. 10,18,19 In accordance with a generally accepted reaction scheme, the initial step in the conversion of an aliphatic acid with n carbon atoms is its hydrogenation to the corresponding aldehyde, [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] although the direct conversion of acids to n−1 hydrocarbons either by a decarboxylation route (DCX) 24,27 or by a sequential dehydration-decarbonylation (DEC) pathway 25,[28][29][30] was also postulated. The formed aldehyde can either undergo decarbonylation (DCO), affording a hydrocarbon with n − 1 carbon atoms in the chain, or it is further hydrogenated to the corresponding alcohol.…”

“…3A). According to the general reaction scheme of carboxylic acid hydroconversion, 10,20,25,26,41 a carboxylic acid undergoes a hydrogenation to a corresponding aldehyde, which is the primary reaction product. However, LaAd was not observed among reaction products over the Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst in our experiments.…”

Selectivity of reaction pathways for green diesel production towards biojet fuel applications

“…[37][38][39][40][41] The initial step of deoxygenation is the hydrogenation of fatty ester or fatty acid containing double bonds, due to the reactivity of double bond being thermodynamically higher than the acid group. 42 This step is followed by the cracking of hydrogenated triglycerides to produce free fatty acids (Fig. 4).…”

Highly Selective Bio-hydrocarbon Production using Sidoarjo Mud Based-Catalysts in the Hydrocracking of Waste Palm Cooking Oil

“…This is because Ni has two unpaired electrons in its d orbital which are active in the dissociation of H2 during hydrocracking process, whereas Pt as a noble metal is known to be the best catalyst for hydrocarbon reforming and alcohol because of its remarkable ability to break C−C bonds [26,46]. In addition, bimetallic metal impregnation on LM support was done, on the grounds that bimetallic catalysts using Pt and 3d metals (Ni) have shown better activity than monometallic Pt in deoxygenation mechanism [47]. Modification of the bimetallic catalyst increased the liquid product and hydrocarbon compounds by 65.6 wt.% and 36.9 wt.% respectively, which is higher than the liquid product and hydrocarbon compounds produced by monometallic catalysts (Ni/LM and Pt/LM) (Table 3).…”