Hydrochemistry and Entropy-Based Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Suining Area, Southwestern China

Abstract

Groundwater is an essential resource for sustainable development, whose quality is significant for human health. In the present study, twenty-eight groundwater samples were collected from domestic tube wells and public water supply wells in the Suining area, southwestern China. The integration of statistical analysis, correlations of ions, geomodelling, and entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) was carried out to clarify the hydrochemistry and groundwater quality in the study area. By the statistical analysis, the cations followed the concentration order as Ca2+> Na+> Mg2+> K+, while anions’ concentrations were HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3− > F−. Piper trilinear diagram showed the hydrochemical type was characterized as Ca-HCO3. Correlations of ions and geomodelling revealed the concentrations of major ions were mainly determined by carbonate dissolution and ion exchange process, and NO3− concentrations were controlled by agriculture activities. EWQI computation demonstrated that most of the groundwater samples possessed EWQI values higher than 100. Therefore, groundwater quality is lower than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO), suitable for drinking purposes in the Suining area. Our study provides vital knowledge for groundwater management in the Suining and other similar areas.

Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

“…HCO 3 − was detected with high concentration varied from 90 mg/L to 590 mg/L, with a mean value of 233 mg/L. The elevation in HCO 3 − concentration is caused by the dissolution of calcite, carbonate, marble, and dolomite-bearing minerals [7,50,51]. The value of Cl − and SO 4 2− ranges from 20-850 mg/L, 20-1024 mg/L, respectively, with a mean value of 158.34 mg/L and 137.81 mg/L.…”

Geochemical Evidence Constraining Genesis and Mineral Scaling of the Yangbajing Geothermal Field, Southwestern China

“…Moreover, ratio plots of (Na + + K + − Cl − ) and (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ ) − (SO 4 2− + HCO 3 − ) can illustrate the effect of ion exchange on groundwater [56]. Schoeller indices CAI-I (=(Cl − − (Na + + K + ))/Cl − ) and CAI-II (=(Cl − − (Na + + K + ))/(HCO 3 − + SO 4 2− + CO 3 2− + NO 3 − )) can further confirm the type of cation exchange [57]. The geothermal samples were distributed near the ion exchange line, and the CAI-I and CAI-II values were below zero (Figure 8c,d).…”

Integrating GIS, Statistical, Hydrogeochemical Modeling and Graphical Approaches for Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Ad-Dawadmi Ground Water, Saudi Arabia: Status and Implications of Evaporation and Rock–Water Interactions

“…In addition, statistical analyses have been found to provide fruitful insights and views for the data at hand and help mine the implicit relationships and mutual effects that can be very helpful in delineating the controlling factors of system chemistry. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and Spearman rho correlation coefficient tests were executed to highlight and figure out the significant relations between the individual constituents [46][47][48][49][50][51]. Different statistical analyses and representations were executed using the Minitab@18 statistical package.…”