Hydrocarbon migration by hydraulic fracturing

Mandl, G.; Harkness, R. M.

doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.029.01.04

Cited by 41 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Thus, laminated mud could be deformed in a liquid and plastic style, to 200 m. Hiscott's model does not consider slope conditions. However, slope conditions cause bedding-parallel compression in the host sediments overlying liquidized sand in the downdip area, therefore facilitating sill intrusion (Mandl and Harkness 1987). If a part of the upper host sediments is displaced as a slump/slide mass, the resulting unloading would cause the stress field to favor sill intrusions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, stress fields control the arrangement and direction of the intrusions against the host rock or sediments. Sill intrusions favor the conditions under which overburdening is the smallest compressive stress (Mandl and Harkness 1987). These conditions are supposed to be created by differential loading (local overburden or unloading), bedding-parallel compression in the toe regions and along slope-parallel glide planes on delta slopes, or even compressional tectonic settings (Hiscott 1979;Mandl and Harkness 1987).…”

Section: Cases Correlatable With the Sfd Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sediment Flow and Deformation (SFD) Layers: Evidence for Intrastratal Flow in Laminated Muddy Sediments of the Triassic Osawa Formation, Northeast Japan

Kawakami¹,

Kawamura²

2002

Journal of Sedimentary Research

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Thin chaotic layers containing abundant intraformational mud clasts are found in the offshore laminated mudstone of the Triassic Osawa Formation in northeast Japan. The geometry and internal structures of the layers are somewhat similar to those of slump/slide or debris-flow deposits, however, the layers have both upper and lower erosional contacts. Projections of host sediments and mud clasts with planed surfaces are identified beneath the upper contact of the layers. Closely packed sheet-form or ellipsoidal mud clasts are embedded in a poorly sorted fine-to coarse-grained sandy matrix. Some mud clasts are tightly folded, or show imbricated stacking. Internal layering structures are also well developed in the layers.The above features strongly suggest soft-sediment deformation as horizontal displacement of sand and mud under buried conditions. Here, we term these layers ''sediment flow and deformation (SFD) layers.'' Deformation layers with similar attributes have been identified by some prior authors, as in the case of flow of liquefied and/or fluidized host sand and clastic sill intrusion. However, the SFD layers described herein have more complex structure indicating advanced deformation.Occurrence of the SFD layers is stratigraphically limited to the uppermost part of the Osawa Formation, which is overlain by sand-rich submarine-fan deposits (the Fukkoshi Formation). It suggests that the stress field caused by differential loading of overlying deposits facilitated intrastratal flow and sill intrusions of sand. The vertical confinement was also controlled by the anisotropy in physical properties, such as tensile strength of laminated mud and/or conditions of gentle slope.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cases Correlatable With the Sfd Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediment Flow and Deformation (SFD) Layers: Evidence for Intrastratal Flow in Laminated Muddy Sediments of the Triassic Osawa Formation, Northeast Japan

Kawakami¹,

Kawamura²

2002

Journal of Sedimentary Research

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“…Fractures are very efficient paths for the migration of hydrocarbons in reservoirs (Mandl and Harkness, 1987;Aydin, 2000;Nunn and Meulbroek, 2002). A rock body with fractures that have significant effect on its fluid transport is a "fractured reservoir" (Nelson, 1985(Nelson, , 2001Aguilera, 1995).…”

Section: Reservoir Fractures and Fluid Transport Models Of Reservoir mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of mechanical layering on hydrofracture emplacement and fluid transport in reservoirs

2013

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Fractures generated by internal fluid pressure, for example, dykes, mineral veins, many joints and man-made hydraulic fractures, are referred to as hydrofractures. Together with shear fractures, they contribute significantly to the permeability of fluid reservoirs such as those of petroleum, geothermal water, and groundwater. Analytical and numerical models show that-in homogeneous host rocks-any significant overpressure in hydrofractures theoretically generates very high crack tip tensile stresses. Consequently, overpressured hydrofractures should propagate and help to form interconnected fracture systems that would then contribute to the permeability of fluid reservoirs. Field observations, however, show that in heterogeneous and anisotropic, e.g., layered, rocks many hydrofractures become arrested or offset at layer contacts and do not form vertically interconnected networks. The most important factors that contribute to hydrofracture arrest are discontinuities (including contacts), stiffness changes between layers, and stress barriers, where the local stress field is unfavorable to hydrofracture propagation. A necessary condition for a hydrofracture to propagate to the surface is that the stress field along its potential path is everywhere favorable to extension-fracture formation so that the probability of hydrofracture arrest is minimized. Mechanical layering and the resulting heterogeneous stress field largely control whether evolving hydrofractures become confined to single layers (stratabound fractures) or not (non-stratabound fractures) and, therefore, if a vertically interconnected fracture system forms. Non-stratabound hydrofractures may propagate through many layers and generate interconnected fracture systems. Such systems commonly reach the percolation threshold and largely control the overall permeability of the fluid reservoirs within which they develop.

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“…The process of 477 "hydraulic fracturing" (also called "hydrofracking" or "fracking") is commonly used to 478 enhance recovery of hydrocarbons (e.g., Mandl and Harkness, 1987). Also see induced 479…”

Section: Introduction 15mentioning

confidence: 99%