Hydro-liquefaction of Lemna minor (Duckweed) with hydrogen-donor solvent at varying hydrogen pressures

Citrus limetta fruit waste management by liquefaction using hydrogen-donor solvent

“…A small groove at about 500 °C was proof of lignin degradation. 54 These plots were in agreement with the studies conducted on similar citrus fruit wastes. 42 …”

“… 70 On the other hand, the peaks at 3–4.5 ppm corresponded to protons bound to carbon of ethers, alcohols, and esters. 54 The consumption of methanol in the liquefaction reaction boosted the formation of alcoholic and esters compounds, which was verified from the FTIR spectra of the biocrude from both biomasses. A low proton distribution in the range of 4.5–6 ppm was an indication of weak carbohydrate and methoxy functionalities.…”

“…These values signified their ability to be used as a potential feedstock in biorefineries. 54 Their porous structure verified their applications in wastewater bioremediation, soil treatment, and as a catalyst for biomass conversion. 73–75 The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was utilized to determine the crystallinity of the biomass and dry biochar samples by taking into account the changes in the crystalline structure of cellulose by the interruption of the hydrogen bonding of cellulose chains occurring due to liquefaction.…”

“…This might be owing to the occurrence of a higher content of oxygen in this biocrude. 54 But it is worth noting that these HHV values were still higher than the corresponding raw biomasses.…”

“…80 The biomass structure was composed of multifaceted compounds; however, despite their breakdown due to thermochemical conversion processes to produce biochar, the biochar samples retained their crystalline nature partially, which was visible from their XRD plots. 54,81 …”