“…Major ions in spring water include HCO − 3 , Cl − , SO 2− 4 , SiO 2 , Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ , which mainly originates from dissolution and mineralization of rock (Davisson et al 1994;Minissale et al 1997;Afşin et al 2006;StambukGilijanovic 2008). Therefore, water quality of springs is highly associated with their geological conditions and evolution, and the hydrochemical composition of spring water can indicate the geological origin (González-Partida et al 2005;Sanada et al 2006;Tarits et al 2006). Furthermore, temperatures and pH of springs exhibit high variability (Hsu et al 2006), resulting in significant difference in species and quantities of hydrochemical parameters.…”