Hydrazine Formation via NiIII-NH2 Radical Coupling in Ni-Mediated Ammonia Oxidation

Abstract

<p>Given the diverse mechanistic possibilities for the overall 6e<sup>-</sup>/6H<sup>+</sup> transformation of ammonia to dinitrogen, identification of M(NH<sub>x</sub>) intermediates involved in N–N bond formation is a central mechanistic challenge. In analogy to water oxidation mechanisms, which widely invoke metal oxo intermediates, metal imide and nitride intermediates have commonly been proposed for ammonia oxidation, and stoichiometric demonstration of N–N bond formation from these metal-ligand multiply bonded species is well-precedented. In contrast, while the homocoupling of M–NH<sub>2</sub> species to form hydrazine has been hypothesized as the key N–N bond forming step in certain molecular ammonia oxidation systems, well-defined examples of this transformation from M–NH<sub>2</sub> complexes are essentially without precedent. This work reports the first example of net ammonia oxidation mediated by a molecular Ni species, a transformation carried out via formal Ni<sup>II</sup>/Ni<sup>III</sup> oxidation states. The available data are consistent with a Ni<sup>III</sup>–NH<sub>2</sub> intermediate featuring substantial spin at N undergoing N–N bond formation to generate a Ni<sup>II</sup><sub>2</sub>(N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) complex. Additional and structurally unusual Ni<sub>x</sub>(N<sub>y</sub>H<sub>z</sub>) species – including a Ni<sub>2</sub>(<i>trans</i>-N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>) complex – are characterized and studied as intermediates in the Ni-mediated ammonia oxidation cycle described herein.</p>

Oxidation of Ammonia with Molecular Complexes

“…Similar to the bimetallic amide–amide coupling, this reaction avoids the high overpotential requirements of the nitride, while forming a hydrazido species with weaker BDFEs than the Fe amides prior to coupling. Peters and co-workers recently reported evidence for intermolecular N–N formation from a Ni III –NH 2 complex, yielding a Ni−NH 2 NH 2 –Ni complex that was fully characterized …”