“…Perforating (Hu et al, 2023;Roostaei et al, 2018;Singh et al, 2022;Suri et al, 2020a;Zhang et al, 2021), horn-shaped (Singh et al, 2022) and whole-surfaced (Roostaei et al, 2018;Shi, 2016;Tong and Mohanty, 2016), etc. ), different proppant types (grain size (Sahai and Moghanloo, 2019), sphericity (Zhang, 2017), density (Hao, 2018;Li, 2018)), different carrying fluid viscosities (Anschutz et al, 2023;Zhang et al, 2021), different injection flow rates (Liang et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2023b), different fracture types (eg. even-wide fractures (Liang et al, 2018), elliptical shape fractures (Zhu et al, 2023) or complex fractures (Li et al, 2024;Qu et al, 2023;Xiang and Li, 2023)) were also investigated in the indoor tests to obtain the proppant accumulation distribution under various conditions, which then served as a reference for optimization of the parameters of the hydraulic fracturing in the field, Bai and Li (2023) and Zhou et al (2023) did research on the friction and settling characteristics by indoor tests to provide parameters for numerical model.…”