Hydraulic design to optimize the treatment capacity of Multi-Stage Filtration units

Mushila, Collins; Ochieng, George M.; Otieno, Fred; Shitote, Stanley Muse; Sitters, Cox

doi:10.1016/j.pce.2015.10.015

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Climatic conditions are the determining factors of the WF for the periods of low and high precipitation, with differences found in the total water footprint and the WF components for both systems [12][13][14][15]. In particular, the WFb dynamics depends on evaporation, and the WFg was directly affected by precipitation [7,8,2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water footprint (WF) is a sustainability indicator that measures total volume of freshwater consumed by human activities by a specific unit under study, which can be an individual, a crop, a geographically defined area, or a country needed to dilute the most impacting polluting agent in the water used during the production process [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding non-conventional systems, MSF consists of dynamic gravel filters (DyGF) followed by up flow gravel filters (UGF), and finally slow sand filters (SSF) [17,22] that are coupled together. This coupling of gravel and sand filters provides an alternative and robust treatment for surface water sources with variable water quality in rural communities at low operation and maintenance costs [14]. This treatment method can be operated and maintained by personnel with basic technical knowledge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water footprint analysis as an indicator of sustainability in nonconventional drinking water treatment systems

Hernández

Hurtado

Bolaños

et al. 2020

DYNA

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The impact of multiple-stage filtration (MSF) was determined in two study systems. Water footprint (WF) was estimated with all its components and their results allowed the identification of those responsible for the environmental impact associated with drinking water production. Climatic conditions of high and low precipitation and socio-cultural context were considered. Results showed technicalshortcomings, such as the presence of fissures that generate losses and the contribution of polluting substances in the effluent from filter washing. Socio-economic limitations increase the WF. Water management can be improved by studying the WF components and their relationships with the socio-cultural component.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water footprint analysis as an indicator of sustainability in nonconventional drinking water treatment systems

Hernández

Hurtado

Bolaños

et al. 2020

DYNA

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“…The substantial removal of bacteria on the filter supports the theory that slow filtration also functions as biological filtration. This is because, as the water retention time in the filter is long, bacteria from raw water can adhere and colonize the upper layers of the filter (Mushila et al 2016). This attached biomass removes contaminants and organic matter present in the water through the process of sorption and biological degradation.…”

Section: Building and Operation Of The Prototypementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an alternative household water treatment system based on slow filtration and solar disinfection

Silva

Loureiro

Soares

et al. 2021

Journal of Water and Health

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Drinking water consumption is essential to maintain a good quality of life, but it is not available for all communities. Therefore, this work aimed to develop an alternative and accessible process for water treatment, based on filtration and solar disinfection, and evaluate it in both bench and pilot scales. The construction cost of the system was estimated and compared with other available options so that its economic viability could be discussed. For this purpose, water from a stream was collected and analyzed. A filter made of PVC tubes, sand, and gravel was built, acting, respectively, as a column, filtering medium, and support layer. As for the disinfection process, the SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) methodology was adopted. The water was exposed to the sun, and the best exposure time was determined based on the analysis of total coliforms and E. coli. Finally, a prototype was built for a flow rate of 37.5 L d−1, consisting of two filters operating at a filtration rate of 2.38 m3 m−2 d−1. About 97% turbidity removal was obtained, as well as 99.9% for total coliforms and 99.1% for E. coli. It is estimated that the cost of building a water treatment system for one person is approximately USD 29.00.

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“…This has been identified as the major operating mechanism for the removal of suspended solids during filtration of secondary effluent from processes and biological treatments. Perhaps, other mechanisms, such as interception, impact, and adhesion, are operational, although its effects are minor and mostly marked by the action of casting [27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreatment of Real Wastewater from the Chocolate Manufacturing Industry through an Integrated Process of Electrocoagulation and Sand Filtration

García-Morales

Juárez

Martínez-Gallegos

et al. 2018

International Journal of Photoenergy

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of removal of suspended solids in terms of turbidity, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) when integrating the electrocoagulation process using aluminum sacrificial anodes and the sand filtration process as a pretreatment of wastewater from the chocolate manufacturing plant in Toluca, México. Wastewater from the chocolate manufacturing industry used in this study is classified as nontoxic, but is characterized as having a high content of color (5952 ± 76 Pt-Co), turbidity (1648 ± 49 FAU), and COD (3608 ± 250 mg/L). Therefore, enhanced performance could be achieved by combining pretreatment techniques to increase the efficiencies of the physical, chemical, and biological treatments. In the integrated process, there was a turbidity reduction of 96.1 ± 0.2% and an increase in dissolved oxygen from 3.8 ± 0.05 mg/L (inlet sand filtration) to 6.05 ± 0.03 mg/L (outlet sand filtration) after 120 min of treatment. These results indicate good water quality necessary for all forms of elemental life. Color and COD removals were 98.2 ± 0.2% and 39.02 ± 2.2%, respectively, during the electrocoagulation process (0.2915 mA/cm2 current density and 120 min of treatment). The proposed integrated process could be an attractive alternative of pretreatment of real wastewater to increase water quality of conventional treatments.

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Hydraulic design to optimize the treatment capacity of Multi-Stage Filtration units

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Water footprint analysis as an indicator of sustainability in nonconventional drinking water treatment systems

Water footprint analysis as an indicator of sustainability in nonconventional drinking water treatment systems

Evaluation of an alternative household water treatment system based on slow filtration and solar disinfection

Pretreatment of Real Wastewater from the Chocolate Manufacturing Industry through an Integrated Process of Electrocoagulation and Sand Filtration

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