Hydration and nutrition knowledge in adolescent swimmers. Does water intake affect urine hydration markers after swimming?

Altavilla, Cesare; Moya, Maria Soledad Prats; Caballero, Pablo

doi:10.22631/ijaep.v6i4.220

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Proper hydration is critical to preventing injuries, creating an optimal environment for building muscle, losing body fat, maximizing energy levels, transporting and absorbing nutrients, and ridding the body of toxins and byproducts [ 50 ]. In swimming, proper hydration is additionally important for the following reasons: (1) the gravity effect (i.e., as a result of the lower gravity in the water, blood moves to the chest area, and the kidneys produce more urine to eliminate “excess” water); (2) the temperature effect (because of the lower temperature of the water, blood moves to stomach and inner organs, which is also recognized as an excess of water, resulting in a kidney reaction similar to that previously described); and (3) the pressure effect (because of the higher pressure of the water, the plasma of the blood changes and reacts by being more dense, and thus urine production is stimulated) [ 51 ]. Given these deteriorating effects of alcohol drinking on swimming performance, it is reasonable to expect that the consumption of alcohol impairs swimming performance, which means that swimmers who consume alcohol to a greater extent are less successful.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Factors Associated with Potential Doping Behavior in Sports: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in High-Level Competitive Swimmers

Devcic

Bednarik

Marić

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Background: Doping behavior, including the misuse of performance-enhancing drugs, is currently a serious problem in sports, and the efficacy of preventive efforts directly depends on information regarding the associations among different precipitating factors (PF) and doping behavior. This study aimed to establish the PF of potential doping behavior (PDB) in competitive swimmers. Methods: The study included 301 swimmers from Slovenia (153 females, 16.4 ± 2.4 years), tested during the 2017 National Championship. Variables were collected by previously validated questionnaires, which included questions on sociodemographics, sports-related factors, consumption of dietary supplements, knowledge of doping, factors of hesitation, and doping-related factors (i.e., number of doping tests, opinion about the presence of doping in sport). The PDB (positive, neutral, or negative intention toward doping) was observed as a criterion, while other variables were included as predictors in multinomial regression analyses (with “negative” as reference value), which additionally controlled for gender and age category (cadet-, junior-, and senior-level) as confounders. Results: The results confirmed higher susceptibility to doping in males (positive: odds ratio (OR): 2.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27–6.04), those swimmers who reported higher alcohol consumption (neutral: OR: 2.18, 95%CI: 1.06–4.16, positive: OR: 2.14, 95%CI: 1.05–4.37), and those regularly used dietary supplements (positive: OR: 3.62, 95%CI: 1.25–10.52). Competitive achievement in Olympic- (neutral: OR: 0.57, 95%CI: 0.41–0.81, positive: OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.39–0.88), and non-Olympic disciplines (positive: OR: 0.54, 95%CI: 0.35–0.83) was protective against PDB. Swimmers who were more concerned about the negative social consequences of doping behavior (i.e., condemnation by family and friends) were less likely to declare a positive intention toward the PDB (family condemnation: OR: 0.69, 95%CI: 0.56–0.86, friends’ condemnation: OR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.52–0.80). Conclusions: The results of the study provide more precise insight into the specific factors associated with PDB in swimming. The established precipitating factors should be incorporated into targeted anti-doping campaigns in this sport.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Factors Associated with Potential Doping Behavior in Sports: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in High-Level Competitive Swimmers

Devcic

Bednarik

Marić

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…Altavilla et al . ( 22 ) reported a mean hydration score lower than the total mean score on the NK questionnaire. The remaining four studies reported hydration knowledge as average when compared with other topics.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Three studies did not report the specific sports played by the study population. Eighteen studies recruited participants from one type of sport including swimming ( 9 , 22 , 31 , 49 ) , basketball ( 28 , 30 , 44 ) , soccer ( 41 , 43 ) , gymnastics ( 21 ) , ballet ( 20 ) , rugby ( 57 ) , table tennis ( 23 ) , American football ( 24 ) , cross-country skiing ( 38 ) , handball ( 37 ) , volleyball ( 29 ) and synchronised swimming ( 40 ) . The remaining studies represented various sports, including track and field ( 47 ) , aesthetic sports ( 39 ) , endurance sports ( 34 , 35 ) and various team and individual sports ( 25 – 27 , 36 , 42 , 45 , 46 ) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four of these studies reported hydration as the highest-scoring subsection (hydration mean score = 85•8 %), three of which utilised the same questionnaire and assessed a similar population of endurance athletes in Finland (hydration mean score = 88•2 %) (34,35,38) . Altavilla et al (22) reported a mean hydration score lower than the total mean score on the NK questionnaire. The remaining four studies reported hydration knowledge as average when compared with other topics.…”

Section: Yesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The remaining studies represented various sports, including track and field (47) , aesthetic sports (39) , endurance sports (34,35) and various team and individual sports (25)(26)(27)36,42,45,46) . Sporting levels included competitive (9,(21)(22)(23)26,30,32,34,35,39,40,42,49) , regional/state/national competitors (27)(28)(29)(36)(37)(38)43,47) , high school/college (19,24,27,33,41,45,57) , elite (20,44,46) and one study did not report sporting level (25) . NK was assessed using twenty-one questionnaires across thirty-two studies.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adolescent athletes have better general than sports nutrition knowledge and lack awareness of supplement recommendations: a systematic literature review

Hulland,

Trakman,

Alcock

2023

Br J Nutr

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Nutrition knowledge (NK) impacts food choices and may be improved through educational programmes. Identifying knowledge gaps related to NK among adolescent athletes may guide future nutrition education programmes. This review aimed to systematically review the level of NK in adolescent athletes based on the currently available published literature. The protocol for this review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022321765). A literature search was conducted in April 2022 using MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. The study design was not restricted, provided that a quantitative NK score was reported for adolescent athletes. Studies were limited to the English language and published between 2010 and April 2022. Studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Appraisal Checklist. Data extracted included demographics, questionnaire name, number of items, validation status and mean total and subsection NK scores. Meta-analyses were inappropriate due to the heterogeneity of NK assessment tools; therefore, results were presented narratively. Thirty-two studies that assessed NK of 4553 adolescent athletes and 574 comparison participants were included. Critical appraisal of studies resulted in neutral rating ‘moderate quality’ for most (n 30) studies. Studies lacked justification for sample size and often used inadequately validated questionnaires. NK scores ranged from poor (33·3 %) to excellent (90·6 %). The level of NK across studies is difficult to determine due to heterogenous questionnaires often lacking appropriate validation. NK should be assessed using tools validated in the relevant population or revalidated tools previously used for other populations.

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Hydration and nutrition knowledge in adolescent swimmers. Does water intake affect urine hydration markers after swimming?

Cited by 2 publications

References 23 publications

Identification of Factors Associated with Potential Doping Behavior in Sports: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in High-Level Competitive Swimmers

Identification of Factors Associated with Potential Doping Behavior in Sports: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in High-Level Competitive Swimmers

Adolescent athletes have better general than sports nutrition knowledge and lack awareness of supplement recommendations: a systematic literature review

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