Hydrate Plug Prevention by Quaternary Ammonium Salts

Zanota, Marie-Line; Dicharry, Christophe; Graciaa, Alain

doi:10.1021/ef040064l

Cited by 79 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Arquad 2HT is a hydrophobic quaternary ammonium surfactant, and surfactants with this chemistry have been found to be much more effective as inhibitors. 8,15 It was thought that a better understanding of how surfactants like these affect capillary forces from water bridges between hydrophilic particles in a nonaqueous medium may provide some insight into how hydrate inhibitors prevent the adhesion of hydrate particles. Figure 8 shows the effects of various concentrations of Span 80 on the dispersion viscosity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of capillary forces on the flow properties of glass particle suspensions in mineral oil

2010

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The effect of water on the flow behavior of glass microspheres dispersed in mineral oil was investigated for various levels of water, particle volume fractions, and particle sizes. The addition of small amounts of water leads to large increases in viscosity due to the formation of water bridges between particles that give rise to capillary forces between the particles. The capillary forces between the particles also make the flow profile highly shear-thinning across the range of particle volume fractions that were studied (0.10 to 0.25). The presence of water leads to a significant effect of particle size, and the viscosity of dispersion goes through a maximum as the amount of water is increased. Two hydrophobic surfactants, Span 80 and Arquad 2HT, were found to reduce the viscosity of the dispersions with added water, but the mechanism and extent of viscosity reduction differed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of capillary forces on the flow properties of glass particle suspensions in mineral oil

2010

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“…In the past, the formation of water-in-oil emulsions has been proposed as a requirement for hydrate anti-agglomeration [11,16,[18][19][20]. However, the AA proposed in this work is effective in an oil-free system.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Aa's Anti-agglomeration Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the 1980s, the French Petroleum Institute confirmed that nonionic amphiphilic surfactants can effectively inhibit gas hydrate from generating [13][14][15]. Subsequently, Shell found that the quaternary ammonium surfactant was an ideal agglomeration inhibitor and argued that two or more n-butyl, n-pentyl or isopentyl ammonium salts had a good performance of delaying hydrate crystal growth [16]. In addition, the BJ UnichemCompany found that quaternized polyamine polyethers are more efficient than polyvinyl caprolactam (PVCap) and some quaternary anti-agglomerants in preventing the accumulation of tetrahydrofuran hydrate [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, Shell found that the quaternary ammonium surfactant was an ideal agglomeration inhibitor and argued that two or more n-butyl, n-pentyl or isopentyl ammonium salts had a good performance of delaying hydrate crystal growth [16]. In addition, the BJ UnichemCompany found that quaternized polyamine polyethers are more efficient than polyvinyl caprolactam (PVCap) and some quaternary anti-agglomerants in preventing the accumulation of tetrahydrofuran hydrate [16,17]. However, most of these anti-agglomerants are used for preventing CH 4 hydrate blockage and must be used in high-ratio oil/water systems (70 vol %), which tend to produce grease in the pipeline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anti-Agglomerator of Tetra-n-Butyl Ammonium Bromide Hydrate and Its Effect on Hydrate-Based CO2 Capture

Chen

et al. 2018

Energies

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Tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) was widely used in the research fields of cold storage and CO 2 hydrate separation due to its high phase change latent heat and thermodynamic promotion for hydrate formation. Agglomeration always occurred in the process of TBAB hydrate generation, which led to the blockage in the pipeline and the separation apparatus. In this work, we screened out a kind of anti-agglomerant that can effectively solve the problem of TBAB hydrate agglomeration. The anti-agglomerant (AA) is composed of 90% cocamidopropyl dimethylamine and 10% glycerol, which can keep TBAB hydrate of 19.3-29.0 wt. % in a stable state of slurry over 72 h. The microscopic observation of the morphology of the TBAB hydrate particles showed that the addition of AA can greatly reduce the size of the TBAB hydrate particles. CO 2 gas separation experiments found that the addition of AA led to great improvement on gas storage capacity, CO 2 split fraction and separation factor, due to the increasing of contact area between gas phase and hydrate particles. The CO 2 split fraction and separation factor with AA addition reached up to 70.3% and 42.8%, respectively.

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“…In general, thermodynamic inhibitors or low dosage hydrate inhibitors, such as kinetic inhibitors (KIs) and anti-agglomerants (AAs) [1][2][3][4], are injected to inhibit or control the formation of hydrates. On the other hand, hydrate slurry might become an alternative approach for oil and gas transportation, as large amounts of natural gas can be stored in the form of hydrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrate Formation/Dissociation in (Natural Gas + Water + Diesel Oil) Emulsion Systems

et al. 2013

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Abstract:Hydrate formation/dissociation of natural gas in (diesel oil + water) emulsion systems containing 3 wt% anti-agglomerant were performed for five water cuts: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 vol%. The natural gas solubilities in the emulsion systems were also examined. The experimental results showed that the solubility of natural gas in emulsion systems increases almost linearly with the increase of pressure, and decreases with the increase of water cut. There exists an initial slow hydrate formation stage for systems with lower water cut, while rapid hydrate formation takes place and the process of the gas-liquid dissolution equilibrium at higher water cut does not appear in the pressure curve. The gas consumption amount due to hydrate formation at high water cut is significantly higher than that at low water cut. Fractional distillation for natural gas components also exists during the hydrate formation process. The experiments on hydrate dissociation showed that the dissociation rate and the amount of dissociated gas increase with the increase of water cut. The variations of temperature in the process of natural gas hydrate formation and dissociation in emulsion systems were also examined.

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Hydrate Plug Prevention by Quaternary Ammonium Salts

Cited by 79 publications

References 16 publications

The effects of capillary forces on the flow properties of glass particle suspensions in mineral oil

The effects of capillary forces on the flow properties of glass particle suspensions in mineral oil

Anti-Agglomerator of Tetra-n-Butyl Ammonium Bromide Hydrate and Its Effect on Hydrate-Based CO2 Capture

Hydrate Formation/Dissociation in (Natural Gas + Water + Diesel Oil) Emulsion Systems

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