“…FPA Contains two operators: local and global and outperforms other metaheuristic algorithms in real-world optimisation challenges due to its adaptability and scalability. In addition, FPA has many examples of optimization challenges such as wireless sensor networking [23], electrical and power systems [24,25], signal and image processing [26,27], clustering and classification [28,29], computer gaming, structural and mechanical engineering optimisation [30,31], global function optimisation [32], and various variants [33,34]. In some studies, FPA is used in hybridised, modification, with parameter-tuning to resolve complex problems related to optimisation [35].…”