“…It is important to mention that both problems (5) and (8) result in the same solution however, the latter involves only single information power variable p I,1 . Due to the non-concave objective function (8a) and the nonconvex constraint (8b), the problem (8) is nonconvex.…”
Section: System Model and Problem Formulationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a promising energy harvesting technique conceived for extending the batteryrecharge period of energy-constrained nodes in wireless networks [1], [2]. Hence WPT relying on massive multipleinput-multiple-output (m-MIMO) systems has been considered in the specific contexts of both space-division multiple access (SDMA) [3]- [5] as well as in power splitting (PS) [6]- [8] and time switching (TS) [9]. The SDMA solution relies on the transfer of energy and information over different beam directions [10].…”
“…It is important to mention that both problems (5) and (8) result in the same solution however, the latter involves only single information power variable p I,1 . Due to the non-concave objective function (8a) and the nonconvex constraint (8b), the problem (8) is nonconvex.…”
Section: System Model and Problem Formulationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a promising energy harvesting technique conceived for extending the batteryrecharge period of energy-constrained nodes in wireless networks [1], [2]. Hence WPT relying on massive multipleinput-multiple-output (m-MIMO) systems has been considered in the specific contexts of both space-division multiple access (SDMA) [3]- [5] as well as in power splitting (PS) [6]- [8] and time switching (TS) [9]. The SDMA solution relies on the transfer of energy and information over different beam directions [10].…”
“…As a practical solution to improve the energy efficiency (EE) of battery-powered IoT network in 5G systems and hence extend the service lifetime of the IoT network, RF energy-harvesting (EH) technology has been widely studied [10][11][12]. In an actual simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system [13], the base station (BS) or access point (AP) provides the receiver with concurrent information and energy supply.…”
In this paper, we design the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) protocol for massive multi-input multi-output (mMIMO) system with non-linear energy-harvesting (EH) terminals. In this system, the base station (BS) serves a set of uplink fixed half-duplex (HD) terminals with non-linear energy harvester. Considering the non-linearity of practical energy-harvesting circuits, we adopt the realistic non-linear EH model rather than the idealistic linear EH model. The proposed SWIPT protocol can be divided into two phases. The first phase is designed for terminals EH and downlink training. A beam domain energy beamforming method is employed for the wireless power transmission. In the second phase, the BS forms the two-layer receive beamformers for the reception of signals transmitted by terminals. In order to improve the spectral efficiency (SE) of the system, the BS transmit power-and time-switching ratios are optimized. Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed beam-domain SWIPT protocol on SE performance compared with the conventional mMIMO SWIPT protocols.
“…Besides this, as stated in some works, in this massive MIMO–enabled HetNets, the in‐band backhaul is always accompanied with the FD technique. The FD technique has the ability to transmit and receive signals over the same frequency band so that the spectrum efficiency is further enhanced . Moreover, with the recently developed antennas and digital baseband processing technologies, the overwhelming self‐interference generated by the transmitter to its own collocated receiver can be reduced to the level of noise floor.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, sparked by this consideration, in some works, 17,18 the idea of in-band wireless backhaul was proposed, where the radio access network spectrum is shared by the backhaul link. Since the introduction of these seminal works, the in-band wireless backhaul has greatly attracted the attention of researchers (see other works [19][20][21][22][23][24] and the references therein). Therefore, with this consideration, we use the in-band backhaul for the massive MIMO-enabled HetNets in this paper.Besides this, as stated in some works, 18,20 in this massive MIMO-enabled HetNets, the in-band backhaul is always accompanied with the FD technique.…”
By integrating full‐duplex (FD) and nonorthogonal multiple‐access (NOMA) techniques for wireless self‐backhaul at small‐cell base stations (SBSs), a novel multitier heterogeneous network (HetNet) is proposed. In the HetNet, NOMA is used at SBSs for combing backhaul and downlink (DL) signals. As a result, at each SBS, the backhaul, uplink transmission, and DL transmission are executed simultaneously, whereas the FD macro base stations (MBSs) communicate with mobile users (MUs) and transceive backhaul signals from associated SBSs by using massive‐MIMO antennas. The simple time‐division duplex is performed for the communications between MBSs and MUs so that a round of communications consists of MBS‐MU‐DL and MBS‐MU‐UL phases. This work particularly focuses on the MBS‐MU‐DL phase. By assuming the HetNet to be fully loaded, this paper first models the distribution of active SBSs and those of the interference received at the different types of receivers. Then, by formulating the received signal‐to‐interference ratios, this paper obtains the coverage probabilities of the MU‐SBS‐MBS uplink backhaul and MU DLs as well as the spectrum and energy efficiencies. The presented simulations and numerical results show that the integration of FD and NOMA at SBSs is an effective solution for creating the backhaul between FD‐SBS and FD‐MBS. It is obtained that when the power‐sharing coefficient allocated for a small‐cell DL is small, the coverage probability of SBS DL transmission increases; otherwise, it decreases. However, the coverage probabilities of the MBS DL and MU‐SBS‐MBS backhaul link monotonically vary with the power‐sharing coefficient. It is also achieved that the power‐sharing coefficient imposes the effect on the energy efficiencies of the MU‐SBS‐MBS backhaul link and MU DL in inverse directions. At the same time, it is found that the achieved energy efficiency gain depends greatly on the resolution of massive‐MIMO antennas.
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