Hybrid silicon-tellurium-dioxide DBR resonators coated in PMMA for biological sensing

Abstract

We report on silicon waveguide distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) cavities hybridized with a tellurium dioxide (TeO2) cladding and coated in plasma functionalized poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for label free biological sensors. We describe the device structure and fabrication steps, including reactive sputtering of TeO2 and spin coating and plasma functionalization of PMMA on foundry processed Si chips, as well as the characterization of two DBR designs via thermal, water, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein sensing. Plasma treatment on the PMMA films was shown to decrease the water droplet contact angle from ∼70 to ∼35°, increasing hydrophilicity for liquid sensing, while adding functional groups on the surface of the sensors intended to assist with immobilization of BSA molecules. Thermal, water and protein sensing were demonstrated on two DBR designs, including waveguide-connected sidewall (SW) and waveguide-adjacent multi-piece (MP) gratings. Limits of detection of 60 and 300 × 10−4 RIU were measured via water sensing, and thermal sensitivities of 0.11 and 0.13 nm/°C were measured from 25–50 °C for SW and MP DBR cavities, respectively. Plasma treatment was shown to enable protein immobilization and sensing of BSA molecules at a concentration of 2 µg/mL diluted in phosphate buffered saline, demonstrating a ∼1.6 nm resonance shift and subsequent full recovery to baseline after stripping the proteins with sodium dodecyl sulfate for a MP DBR device. These results are a promising step towards active and laser-based sensors using rare-earth-doped TeO2 in silicon photonic circuits, which can be subsequently coated in PMMA and functionalized via plasma treatment for label free biological sensing.

On-chip hybrid erbium-doped tellurium oxide–silicon nitride distributed Bragg reflector lasers

“…These devices can be monolithically integrated into waveguides to create compact, e cient, and narrow linewidth lasers [4,10,11]. They can be employed in many applications, including sensing [12], integrated LiDAR systems [13], telecommunications [14], and microwave photonics [15]. Tellurium dioxide (TeO 2 ) is a glass with a relatively high refractive index ( = 2.08 at 1550 nm) and is highly transparent from visible to mid-infrared wavelengths.…”