“…The present DDES approach is based on the Spalart-Allmaras model and is classically built by allowing the length scale in the model to be proportional to a representative scale related to the grid size far from the wall, while remaining given by the RANS model for small distances from the wall (Spalart et al 2006). Such models based on Spalart-Allmaras models are often adopted in studies of similar nozzle flow configurations and, if correctly tuned, they have already proved to lead to satisfactory results for nozzle flows (Deck 2009;Goncalves et al 2017;Martelli et al 2019). Following the present DDES approach, as detailed in the following, the shift from RANS to LES mode, far from the wall, is thus entirely controlled through the defined mesh refinement used, thus possibly requiring preliminary adjustments in order to obtain the expected flow behaviour.…”