Hybrid quantum circuit with implanted erbium ions

Probst, Sebastian; Kukharchyk, Nadezhda; Rotzinger, Hannes; Tkalčec, A.; Wünsch, Stefan; Wieck, A. D.; Siegel, M.; Ustinov, A. V.; Bushev, Pavel

doi:10.1063/1.4898696

Cited by 26 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Therefore, one additional order of magnitude is lost by the experimental design. This may be improved by the application of optimal control pulse schemes [42] and cleverer resonator designs with very homogeneous AC fields [43] in conjunction with surface spin doped samples [44]. Ultimately, RE ion doped crystals with better coherence properties are required.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microwave multimode memory with an erbium spin ensemble

et al. 2015

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Hybrid quantum system combining circuit QED with spin doped solids are an attractive platform for distributed quantum information processing. There, the magnetic ions serve as coherent memory elements and reversible conversion elements of microwave to optical qubits. Among many possible spin-doped solids, erbium ions offer the unique opportunity of a coherent conversion of microwave photons into the telecom C-band at 1.54 µm employed for long distance communication. In our work, we perform a time-resolved electron spin resonance study of an Er 3+ :Y2SiO5 spin ensemble at milli-Kelvin temperatures and demonstrate multimode storage and retrieval of up to 16 coherent microwave pulses. The memory efficiency is measured to be 10 −4 at the coherence time of T2 = 5.6 µs. We observe a saturation of the spin coherence time below 50mK due to full polarization of the surrounding electronic spin bath.A future quantum communication technology will combine three basic types of subsystems: Transmission channels, repeater stations and information processing nodes [1,2]. Similarly to classical communication networks, photons propagating through optical fiber channels are ideal for carrying quantum states over long distances and distribute entanglement between information processing nodes [3]. These computational nodes or quantum processors may be realized by employing single atomic or macroscopic solid-state systems. Among a plethora of solid state devices, superconducting (SC) qubits are one of the most promising building blocks for a future quantum computer [4]. Many ground breaking experiments have recently been demonstrated with SC qubits including the measurement of long coherence and relaxation times of up to 0.1 ms [5], coherent operation of up to three-qubit processors [6], the implementation of a deterministic two-qubit gate [7] and the realization of a basic surface code for fault tolerant computing [8]. These qubits operate at microwave frequencies and cryogenic temperatures. In order to embed them into the emerging quantum optical internet technology a coherent interface between optical and microwave photons is required [9].Ensembles of rare-earth (RE) ions doped into a crystal are a suitable system for coherent photon conversion between optical and microwave frequency bands [10][11][12]. Such RE doped crystals are currently at the forefront of quantum communication research, where many thrilling achievements such as the demonstration of a quantum memory at the optical telecom C-band [13], high efficiency storage of optical photons [14], generation of entanglement between two RE doped crystals [15] and quantum teleportation between a telecom O-band photon (1.34 µm) and a RE doped crystal [16] have been reported. Also, RE doped crystals are considered to have a great potential as a multimode optical memory element in a future quantum repeater technology [17], and storage and retrieval of 64 temporal optical modes at the single photon level has been demonstrated [18].A crucial step towards the development of a microwav...

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Microwave multimode memory with an erbium spin ensemble

et al. 2015

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“…In order to have a single ion coupled to the photonic cavity, the ion density can be lowered until only a single ion couples to the cavity, but then the single ion may not be near the peak of the cavity mode and also may not have the right frequency. There has also been work on using an ion beam to implant a single REI into a pure crystal with cerium ions implanted in YAG [31] and erbium ions implanted in YSO [32], which currently makes small spots of thousands of REIs but could be scaled down to implanting a single REI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nondestructive photon detection using a single rare-earth ion coupled to a photonic cavity

et al. 2016

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We study the possibility of using single rare-earth ions coupled to a photonic cavity with high cooperativity for performing nondestructive measurements of photons, which would be useful for global quantum networks and photonic quantum computing. We calculate the achievable fidelity as a function of the parameters of the rare-earth ion and photonic cavity, which include the ion's optical and spin dephasing rates, the cavity linewidth, the single-photon coupling to the cavity, and the detection efficiency. We suggest a promising experimental realization using current state-of-the-art technology in Nd:YVO 4 .

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“…1(d)]. The asymmetry are most likely due to long Er:YSO spin relaxation times at low temperatures and low magnetic fields [30,31,34]. As a result, most of the measurements were done at higher temperatures, where the asymmetry was reduced.…”

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“…Recently there has been increased interest in using Er 3+ ions in solids as qubits due to their long coherence times and the presence of optical transition at 1.5 µm telecom C band [28]. At millikelvin temperatures, coupling has been observed between Er dopants in various crystals and resonators [9,[29][30][31][32].…”

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Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy ofEr3+:Y2SiO5using a Josephson bifurcation amplifier: Observation of hyperfine and quadrupole structures

Budoyo

Kakuyanagi

Toida

et al. 2018

Phys. Rev. Materials

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We performed magnetic field and frequency tunable electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of an Er 3+ doped Y2SiO5 crystal by observing the change in flux induced on a direct currentsuperconducting quantum interference device (dc-SQUID) loop of a tunable Josephson bifurcation amplifer. The observed spectra show multiple transitions which agree well with the simulated energy levels, taking into account the hyperfine and quadrupole interactions of 167 Er. The sensing volume is about 0.15 pl, and our inferred measurement sensitivity (limited by external flux noise) is approximately 1.5 × 10 4 electron spins for a 1 s measurement. The sensitivity value is two orders of magnitude better than similar schemes using dc-SQUID switching readout.Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is the gold standard tool to characterize the spin and magnetic properties of a wide range of materials [1,2]. Over several decades, there has been numerous efforts to improve the sensitivity of EPR measurements, including magnetic resonance force microscopy [3,4] and using a single NV center in diamond [5,6]. In recent years, significant improvements were achieved by operating in cryogenic temperatures, where thermal noise is significantly reduced and the spins are highly polarized. In such cases the spins of interest are coupled to superconducting planar resonators [7,8] or 3D cavities [9], resulting in avoided crossing or reduction of resonator quality factor. By combining superconducting lumped-element resonators with small magnetic mode volume and quantumlimited parametric amplifiers, recently sensitivity values of pulsed EPR have reached ∼ 60 spins/ √ Hz [10]. However, these EPR schemes typically only allow magnetic field-dependent study, because the operating frequency range is limited to frequencies near the resonator's resonance. Frequency and magnetic field-dependent EPR spctroscopy can be advantageous when compared to conventional, single-frequency EPR, in the characterization of more complicated materials [11][12][13], e.g., anisotropic materials, systems with electron spin S > 1/2 (zerofield interactions), or systems with nuclear spin I > 0 (hyperfine and quadrupole interactions). Efforts to extend the frequency range include using a tunable resonator [8,13,14], a resonator with multiple narrowly spaced modes (e.g., a whispering gallery mode resonator [15,16]), or a broadband waveguide [12,17]. However, these schemes typically suffer from worse sensitivity or still limited frequency range.EPR can also be performed by measuring the magnetization from the polarization of spins using a sensitive magnetometer. This method allows both magnetic field and frequency-dependent measurements. One typ- * rangga.budoyo@lab.ntt.co.jp ical magnetometer is a direct current-superconducting quantum interference device (dc-SQUID) [18][19][20], with continuous wave (cw)-EPR sensitivities reaching ∼ 10 6 spins/ √ Hz [21]. The stated sensitivity was limited by measurements using switching readout to obtain the critical current of the SQUID, which i...

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Hybrid quantum circuit with implanted erbium ions

Cited by 26 publications

References 33 publications

Microwave multimode memory with an erbium spin ensemble

Microwave multimode memory with an erbium spin ensemble

Nondestructive photon detection using a single rare-earth ion coupled to a photonic cavity

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy ofEr3+:Y2SiO5using a Josephson bifurcation amplifier: Observation of hyperfine and quadrupole structures

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