Hybrid Photovoltaic-Wind Microgrid With Battery Storage for Rural Electrification: A Case Study in Perú

Abstract

Microgrids are autonomous systems that generate, distribute, store, and manage energy. This type of energy solution has the potential to supply energy to remote communities since they can integrate solar, wind, and back-up diesel generation. These systems are potentially beneficial in Peru, where there are approximately 1.5 million people without access to electricity. This paper studies the technical aspects of the implementation, operation, and social impact of a hybrid microgrid installed in Laguna Grande, Ica, Peru, a rural fishing community composed of about 35 families who have lived in this remote location for more than 40 years without access to electricity. The design of the microgrid comprised three main stages: assessment, sizing, and social management. According to resource assessment, this location has a very high wind potential with an average of 8 m/s and annual average irradiation of 6 kWh/m2/day. The microgrid was designed based on interviews with members of the community on energy use, social-economic aspects, and factors such as expected growth and available funds. The construction followed a participatory approach, involving the community in specific stages of the project. This hybrid microgrid is composed of a 6 kWp photovoltaic system and two wind turbines of 3 kW each. It has two coupled 4 kW inverters that deliver power to a 230 V AC distribution line to which all the community loads are connected. Energy is stored using a VRLA 800 Ah, 48 V battery bank, which is designed to work at 50% DOD. The installed microgrid has proven very effective in supplying the average daily demand of 23 kWh at an almost steady power of 1–1.2 kW. During almost 2 years of monitoring, it has presented a 10% loss of load due to peak increases in demand, technical problems, and occasional low solar and wind resources. PV/wind integration is very important since approximately 60% of the energy demand is nocturnal. The CAPEX of the project reached USD 36,000.00, obtaining a cost of energy levelized cost of energy of 0.267 USD per kWh. The project has a useful life of 20 years, with battery renewal every 3 years and wind turbines and electronics every 10.

Renewable energy generation system connected to micro grid and analysis of energy management: a critical review

“…The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control mode uses PMSG and DFIG depending on the wind conditions, so the production of a single FSIG cannot be controlled [19]. The summary of some review papers of wind power generation system is presented in Table 2 from the referred paper [20]− [23]. Designed the electrical power conversion system based on DFIG/ Proportional Integration (PI)/Sliding mode controller (SMC)/ Adaptive fuzzy logic controller (ALFC) connected to the grid using stator and fed.…”

“…Presented comparative analysis of various generators of wind turbine PMSG/squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG)/ DFIG/ Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) and discussed the various component required for wind energy system. [23] MPPT WT Hardware Cost effective system as per load demand power supply is reliable Proposed the algorithm to calculate the number of generating unit of MPPT wind turbine (MPPT WT) and PV for hybrid micro grid.…”

Reliability and Energy Costs Analysis of a Rural Hybrid Microgrid Using Measured Data and Battery Dynamics: A Case Study in the Coast of Perú

“…Special attention was given to the social aspects and management of the microgrid to assure its sustainability. From the first day, the community participated in the process and written agreements, leading to the establishment of a managing committee, energy consumption fee, and service conditions [19]. The design stage was completed at the end of 2015 with a methodology described as "intuitive" in [14], taking into account the uncertainties of projected load estimations and technology available in Perú at that time.…”

“…Figure 1 illustrates the stages of the research undertaken in the Laguna Grande microgrid as an existing and working system. The first and second stages were described in [19] (depicted in grey). This paper focuses on the third and fourth stages (in black).…”

An Inductor Current Sensorless Control Strategy Based on Modified VSG Method for Single-Phase Microgrid Application With Seamless Transfer Capability

“…With the increasing popularity of distributed power sources (such as photovoltaic panels, fuel cells, wind turbines etc.) (Valinejad et al, 2020;Canziani et al, 2021), microgrid based on these distributed generations (DGs) has become an effective power supply supplement for the main power grid (Wang et al, 2015;Qazi et al, 2021). Meantime, the inverter-based interfaces which is connected between the DG unit and the power grid are used more and more widely for grid-connected application (Zhu and Fei, 2018;Tran and Kim, 2020), but the traditional inverters exhibit relatively rapid voltage/ frequency changes when faced with power changes, which is not conducive to the safe operation of power electronic devices, and it also could lead to the instability of the power grid system (Van, 2010).…”