Hybrid Perovskite Thin‐Film Photovoltaics: In Situ Diagnostics and Importance of the Precursor Solvate Phases

Munir, Rahim; Sheikh, Arif D.; Abdelsamie, Maged; Hu, Hanlin; Yu, Liyang; Zhao, Kui; Kim, Taesoo; Tall, Omar El; Li, Ruipeng; Smilgies, Detlef‐M.; Amassian, Aram

doi:10.1002/adma.201604113

Cited by 173 publications

(224 citation statements)

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“…In recent years, in situ time‐resolved grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) has emerged as an effective method to monitor solid‐state thin film formation and microstructure evolution during solution casting of ink‐based semiconductors . More recently, it has also been used successfully to investigate crystallization behavior for 3D and reduced dimensional perovskites solution‐cast using spin‐coating and blade‐coating . Chen and coworkers found the coexistence of dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the intermediate phase of MAPbI 3 perovskite and accordingly fine‐tuned the quality of films by adjusting DMSO concentration to further improve solar cell performance .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chen and coworkers found the coexistence of dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the intermediate phase of MAPbI 3 perovskite and accordingly fine‐tuned the quality of films by adjusting DMSO concentration to further improve solar cell performance . We previously reported that solution‐processed MAPbI 3 and PbI 2 have a propensity to form intermediate‐ordered precursor phases, which can fully solidify into solvate co‐crystals during solution processing, as revealed by in situ diagnostics . In contrast, the addition of significant amounts of Br and Cl significantly inhibited solvate co‐crystallization, pointing to the importance of halide‐mediation in Pb‐solvent complexation .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bismuth‐Based Perovskite‐Inspired Solar Cells: In Situ Diagnostics Reveal Similarities and Differences in the Film Formation of Bismuth‐ and Lead‐Based Films

et al. 2019

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Organic–inorganic lead‐based halide perovskite compounds currently yield thin film solar cells with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of >23%. However, replacing the lead with less‐toxic elements while maintaining a high PCE remains a challenge. For this reason, there has been significant effort to develop Pb‐free compounds, including methylammonium bismuth iodide (MA3Bi2I9), but such systems severely underperform when compared with the prototypical Pb‐based methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). For the latter, it is known that lead complexes with polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF), to form iodoplumbates which can co‐crystallize into solvated phases. Herein, the solidification and growth behaviors of Bi‐ and Pb‐based films is investigated using multi‐probe in situ characterization methods. It is shown that the Bi‐based compound crystallizes directly and rapidly into a textured polycrystalline microstructure from a precursor solution without evolving through intermediate crystalline solvated phases, in contrast to MAPbI3. This solidification process produces isolated crystals and challenges the growth of continuous and crystalline films required for solar cells. It is revealed that solvent engineering with antisolvent dripping is crucial to enable the formation of continuous polycrystalline films of MA3Bi2I9 and functional solar cells thereof.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bismuth‐Based Perovskite‐Inspired Solar Cells: In Situ Diagnostics Reveal Similarities and Differences in the Film Formation of Bismuth‐ and Lead‐Based Films

et al. 2019

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“…Several groups studied the role of lead precursors, like PbI 2 , PbCl 2 and PbAc 2 . [19,[27][28][29] www.advancedsciencenews.com presence of chloride, either through methylammonium chloride (MACl) or PbCl 2 , the crystallization kinetics seem to change dramatically. This is further discussed in Section 2.3.…”

Section: One-step (Solvent Engineering)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

312

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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“…[18,[22][23][24] The interactions between perov skite films and various volatile solvents have been investigated, where the effects on film compositions and morphologies are observed. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] The degradation of perovskite materials under high temperatures and water vapor atmospheres has also been investigated to tackle the stability issue. [22][23][24] These impacts on perovskite films could profoundly affect the performance of the final devices.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Real‐Time Study of the Dynamic Formation and Conversion Processes of Metal Halide Perovskite Films

Meng

Liu

et al. 2018

Advanced Materials

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Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have advanced to the forefront of solution-processed photovoltaic techniques and made stunning progress in power conversion efficiency (PCE). Further improvements in device performances rely on perfecting the structure and morphology of perovskite films. However, undesirable defects such as pinholes and grain boundaries are often created in film preparations due to lack of knowledge of the precise reaction mechanism. Here, in situ grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) investigations are performed, facilitated by other techniques, on the formation of the widely adopted MAPbI (MA = methylammonium) perovskite films from their intermediate adduct (IA) phases. The influences of solvent vapor atmospheres on MAPbI films are also systematically investigated, where the dynamic conversion processes between different phases are visualized in real time. Further in situ GI-XRD and infrared spectroscopy measurements reveal that the IA phases contain both N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as coordinating molecules. By tuning the DMSO concentration in perovskite precursors, the ideal perovskite film is formed and the best PCE is achieved for the planar MAPbI -based PSCs. These findings highlight the role of IA phases and the effect of solvent atmospheres on the quality of perovskite films, providing direct insights into their growth mechanism.

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Hybrid Perovskite Thin‐Film Photovoltaics: In Situ Diagnostics and Importance of the Precursor Solvate Phases

Cited by 173 publications

References 56 publications

Bismuth‐Based Perovskite‐Inspired Solar Cells: In Situ Diagnostics Reveal Similarities and Differences in the Film Formation of Bismuth‐ and Lead‐Based Films

Bismuth‐Based Perovskite‐Inspired Solar Cells: In Situ Diagnostics Reveal Similarities and Differences in the Film Formation of Bismuth‐ and Lead‐Based Films

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

In Situ Real‐Time Study of the Dynamic Formation and Conversion Processes of Metal Halide Perovskite Films

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