Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Materials Prepared by Sol–Gel and Sol–Gel-Coating Method for Biomedical Use: Study and Synthetic Review of Synthesis and Properties

Abstract

The need to improve the expectancy and quality of life of subjects affected by disabling pathologies that require the replacement or regeneration of tissues or parts of the body has fueled the development of innovative, better-performing materials that are capable of integrating into and being tolerated by body tissues. Materials with these characteristics, i.e., bio-functionality, bio-safety, and biocompatibility, are defined as biomaterials. One of the many methods for producing such materials is the sol–gel technique. This process is mainly used for the preparation of ceramic oxides at low temperatures, through hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of organometallic compounds within a hydroalcoholic solution. This study is based on a specific type of biomaterial: organic–inorganic hybrids. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the sol–gel technique, as well as describe the preparation and chemical and biological characterization, uses, and future prospects of these biomaterials. In particular, the use of plant drugs as organic components of the hybrid material is the innovation of this manuscript. The biological properties of plant extracts are numerous, and for this reason, they deserve great attention from the scientific community.

Sol–Gel Synthesis of Silica–Poly (Vinylpyrrolidone) Hybrids with Prooxidant Activity and Antibacterial Properties

“…The IR spectroscopy is commonly used in the analysis of hybrids of organic and inorganic materials [ 2 ]. By this approach, the existence of a novel organic–inorganic network could be verified.…”

“…A wide range of materials, such as thin films, particles, or aerogels with numerous possible uses, can be produced using sol–gel chemistry [ 1 ]. Nowadays, this process is still being developed and it is used in many different industries to produce sophisticated materials, biomaterials, sensors, smart coatings, and optical devices [ 2 ]. The synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrids has been facilitated by the sol–gel method over the past three decades.…”

Calcium Phosphate Coatings Deposited on 3D-Printed Ti–6Al–4V Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation

“…A gel-like substance is created after the condensation stage. The sol-gel method is a universal method, as it allows us to obtain a wide range of materials; however, its main disadvantages are low adhesion and the potential toxicity of precursors [11]. Plasma spraying is a process in which hot ionized gas is used to melt powder, and, as a result, the powder particles readily adhere to and agglomerate on the substrate surface.…”