“…The band at 1631 cm −1 corresponds to deformation vibrations of adsorbed H 2 O molecules. The band with a peak at 1048 cm –1 conforms to the Si–O–Si valence vibrations of the SiO 4 tetrahedra in the clay (Khashirova et al 2009 ; Lou et al 2015 ). The bands at 528 and 469 cm −1 assign to the bending oscillations of the Si–O–Si groups (Ramya et al 2017 ).…”