Hybrid liquid membrane (HLM) system in separation technologies

Introduction, General Description, Definitions, and Classification. Overview

“…Many more technologies that were developed and tested in the last decade have to be included in the BLM group. These are similar BLM systems, such as hybrid liquid membrane (HLM) [9], hollowfiber liquid membrane (HFCLM) [10], (HFLM) [11], pertraction [12][13][14], flowing liquid membranes (FLM) [15], membrane-based extraction and stripping [16][17][18], multimembrane hybrid system (MHS) [19], and membrane contactor systems [8,20,21]. All these systems are based on membrane-based nondispersive (as the means for blocking the organic reagent from mixing with the aqueous feed and strip solutions) selective Introduction, General Description, Definitions, and Classification.…”

“…1.2D) and coupled cotransport (see Fig. 1.2E), the transport of titanium(IV) from low acidity (pH 1) and high acidity ([H þ ] ¼ 7 M) feed solutions, respectively, using the HLM system may be presented [9,26]. The di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) carrier reacts with Ti(IV) ion to form complexes on the feed side at low acidity (pH region):…”

Carrier-Facilitated Coupled Transport Through Liquid Membranes

“…Correlation factor between [S] i and J ss /U i in Eqs (48)- (50) has been checked in experiments with several metal ions transport [15,58,71] in the range of U ¼ 0.1-1.5 cm 3 /s. Results showed that [S] > J ss /U in 1.5-4.0 orders (for details see Chapter 5) It means that the J ss /U ratio may be excluded from Eqs (48)- (50).…”

“…Internal (carrier) driving force coefficients, K fex and K bex , or distribution coefficients, E F and E R , data [15] are determined by membrane-based extraction experiments. Membrane-based forward and backward extraction are carried out in two compartment modules, separated by the same membranes.…”

“…This approach is insufficient to explain the real transport in LM systems. The integral approach [1-7, [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] considers the three-liquid phase system to be a closed 1 multiphase system and, therefore, takes into consideration the processes and changes in all three liquids. Most models of the integral approach are very sophisticated because they assume many possible types of control, nonlinear equilibria, phase interactions, etc.…”