Hybrid integration methods for on-chip quantum photonics

Abstract

The goal of integrated quantum photonics is to combine components for the generation, manipulation, and detection of non-classical light in a phase stable and efficient platform. Solid-state quantum emitters have recently reached outstanding performance as single photon sources. In parallel, photonic integrated circuits have been advanced to the point that thousands of components can be controlled on a chip with high efficiency and phase stability. Consequently, researchers are now beginning to combine these leading quantum emitters and photonic integrated circuit platforms to realize the best properties of each technology. In this article, we review recent advances in integrated quantum photonics based on such hybrid systems. Although hybrid integration solves many limitations of individual platforms, it also introduces new challenges that arise from interfacing different materials. We review various issues in solid-state quantum emitters and photonic integrated circuits, the hybrid integration techniques that bridge these two systems, and methods for chip-based manipulation of photons and emitters. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and future prospects of on-chip quantum photonics with integrated quantum emitters. PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIETS FOR QUANTUM PHOTONICSPICs provide a compact, phase stable, and high-bandwidth platform to transmit, manipulate, and detect light on-chip. By leveraging advances in semiconductor manufacturing for classical communication, PICs have been demonstrated with over a thousand active components in a few square mm [50]. Now, with many foundries offering multi-26. I. Aharonovich, D. Englund, and M. Toth, "Solid-state single-photon emitters," Nat. Photonics 10, 631 (2016) , "Neardeterministic activation of room-temperature quantum emitters in hexagonal boron nitride," Optica 5, 1128-1134 (2018)

A generalized multipath delayed-choice experiment on a large-scale quantum nanophotonic chip

“…The direct probing of quantum coherence from interference distributions may allow the study of quantum processes and dynamics in complex quantum physical systems 52 and biological systems 53 . Going beyond the qubit-based quantum systems, highly controllable multidimensional quantum devices and systems that bases on the large-scale integrated quantum photonics platform are expected to continuously advance quantum information science and technologies 41 , 54 , 55 .…”

Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of Single‐Photon Avalanche Diodes for Quantum Photonics Applications

“…[ 237 ] presents a theoretical work on a waveguide SPAD whose structure is conceptually similar to the others (Figure 7b), but with an absorption layer fabricated in a germanium tin alloy (GeSn) in order to improve the sensitivity at this wavelength. On the other hand, a completely orthogonal approach is based on the hybrid integration [ 238,239 ] instead of the monolithic one, in order to have an additional degree of freedom to improve the performance of germanium‐based SPADs [ 240 ] (e.g., by using a different substrate) or to take into consideration other materials like InGaAs/InP. [ 241 ] In both cases, it is worth saying that waveguide‐detector coupling of infrared photons could be easier than visible/NIR photons thanks to the similar refractive index of silicon (used as transparent material in this case) and germanium or InGaAs.…”

Tunable nanophotonics enabled by chalcogenide phase-change materials

“…On the other hand, most on-chip photonic demonstrations are based on the application-specific designs of PICs. To orient the potential of PICs for emerging applications of microwave photonics, neuromorphic computing, and quantum computation, high reconfigurable and general-purpose platforms, similar to the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) in electronics, are indispensable [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65].…”