Nowadays, the preservation, the maintenance, the rehabilitation and improvement of the road network are key issues. Many of the parameters that define the road surface conditions are influenced by various environmental factors, mainly temperature. Hence the importance of having databases enriched form real-time monitoring systems that enable the analysis and modeling of the properties of the road. The main goal of this work is the design and development of a road monitoring system for temperature measurement at different pavement depths, capable of transmitting the information to a moving vehicle. The practical realization required a modular device, of easy installation, low cost and with reduced energy consumption. The proposed monitoring system makes easy the auscultation procedure, improving the reliability of the measures collected which, in turn is the basement to estimate the useful life of the pavement. The results of the tests and validation of the proposed prototype in either static system with two types of pavement (asphalt and concrete), and in real driving situations, demonstrate the good performance and accuracy of the proposed monitoring system.