Hybrid Genetic Programming and Multiverse-based Optimization of Pre-Harvest Growth Factors of Aquaponic Lettuce Based on Chlorophyll Concentration

Abstract

Optimizing photosynthesis is vital in maintaining quality farm produce in the agricultural food production sector. The nonlinear behavior of the interaction of crop pre-harvest growth factors can promote or retard its growth. This study employed multigene symbolic regression genetic programming (MSRGP) in developing the chlorophyll-a fitness function allied with bioinspired algorithms, namely genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and multiverse optimization (MVO), in determining the ideal combination of carbon dioxide, light intensity, air temperature, and humidity that will induce photosynthesis based on aquaponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Altima) leaf chlorophyll-a concentration. Light spectra were characterized through the floating leaf disk technique, which resulted in white spectra as the most photosynthetic conducive based on the light reaction and dark respiration. Leaf spectro-textural-morphological signatures were extracted for non-destructive MSRGP chlorophyll-a concentration measurement. Carbon dioxide and humidity have a strong positive impact on chlorophyll-a concentration. Photosynthesis is impeded by Vis/IR above 7.817. The hybrid MSRGP-MVO generated the ideal global solution of 880.744 ppm of CO2, 543.147 μmol m -2 s -1 of the visible white light spectrum, 22.238 °C air temperature, and 67.742% humidity which resulted in 651.144 mg g -1 of Chl-a, 0.934 leaf weight ratio, 0.066 roots to shoot ratio, 141 xylem vessels mm -2 127.389 stomata mm -2 , and more prominent intracellular chloroplast concentration for the harvest stage lettuce. The established standard for fresh weight, chlorophylls a and b, and vitamin C concentrations are essential for developing an adaptive nutrient management system to maintain the expected growth signatures of lettuce at the end of the 6-week cultivation cycle.

Differential Effects of Potassium Chloride on Vascular Tissues, Morphological Traits and Germination of Tomato with Sperm Swarm-based Nutrient Optimization

“…It is apparent that the included phytomorphological traits increase in measure concerning the cultivation period with root and shoot length as the most significant ones (Table 2). This finding adds up to [26,[29][30][31]41], that nitrogen, phosphorus, and chloride which is the form of KCl in this study, are essential to root and shoot primary growth. It has been a known usage of phosphorus is to make root girth thicker [9] but this study proves that a specific concentration of KCl increases root length (Figure 3(a)).…”

“…Genetic programming, a computational intelligence technique that is based on Charles Darwin's evolutionary concept [39], through MATLAB R2021b GPTIPS v2 tool was employed to develop the fitness model for the five phytomorphological phenotypes as characterized by the potassium chloride concentration ([KCl], mM) and cultivation period (t, DAS) Eq. ( 4) [40,41]. The multigene symbolic regression genetic programming (MSRGP) hyperparameters were configured as 50 population size, 100 maximum generations, tournament size of 50, 0.05 elite fraction with enabled lexicographic selection pressure and 0.1 Pareto tournament probability, 10 maximum genes, 5 maximum tree depth, 0.1 ephemeral random constant, crossover rate of 0.85, the mutation rate of 0.14 and mathematical function set of {times, minus, plus, sqrt, square, sin, cos, log, cube, neg, abs}.…”

Effects of Atom Search-Optimized Thornthwaite Potential Evapotranspiration on Root and Shoot Systems in Controlled Carica papaya Cultivation

“…Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a, C 55 H 72 MgN 4 O) and chlorophyll-b (Chl-b, C 55 H 70 MgN 4 O 6 ) were measured by sampling 1 g of leaf tissue per treatment mixed with 75% acetone solution and submerged in a hot bath of 60 • C for 30 min. The solution was then passed through a filter paper, and absorbance was measured using a UV-Vis 1900 spectrophotometer at 663 nm and 470 nm for Chl-a and Chl-b, respectively [45,46]. Stem tissues 1 cm from the internode of hypocotyl and root system were sectioned transversely and stained with 10% toluidine blue solution for 30 s, then decanted to an 80% acetic acid solution for 10 s, and lastly, washed with deionized water until excess dyes were removed.…”

Optimization of Aquaponic Lettuce Evapotranspiration Based on Artificial Photosynthetic Light Properties Using Hybrid Genetic Programming and Moth Flame Optimizer

“…Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) is an effective solution for growing crops under managed environments while improving productivity and optimizing resource use (Benke & Tomkins, 2017). Regulation of light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and humidity level, and photoperiod can be made in CEA to improve crop production (Valenzuela et al, 2017;Valenzuela et al, 2018;Concepcion et al, 2021;Cammarisano et al, 2019). Several studies optimized nutrients from the soil that contains Nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) for lettuce.…”